Anke Hoeffler

Mr. Robert H. Bates

Ms. Ghada Fayad

We revisit Lipset‘s law, which posits a positive and significant relationship between income and democracy. Using dynamic and heterogeneous panel data estimation techniques, we find a significant and negative relationship between income and democracy: higher/lower incomes per capita hinder/trigger democratization. Decomposing overall income per capita into its resource and non-resource components, we find that the coefficient on the latter is positive and significant while that on the former is significant but negative, indicating that the role of resource income is central to the result.

Lipset's Law Revisited

Income and Democracy

Paul Collier

Aid, Policy, and Growth in Post-conflict Societies

Mn?s Söderbom

The duration of large-scale violent civil conflict increases substantially if the society is composed of a few large ethnic groups, if there is extensive forest cover, and if the conflict has commenced since 1980. None of these factors affect the initiation of conflict. And neither the duration nor the initiation of conflict is affected by initial inequality or political repression.

On the Duration of Civil War

World Bank

World Bank Group

Professor of Economics and Public Policy Paul Collier

V. L. Elliott

Havard Hegre

Marta Reynal-Querol

Nicholas Sambanis

Breaking the Conflict Trap identifies the dire consequences that civil war has on the development process and offers three main findings. First, that civil war has adverse ripple effects, which are often not taken into account by those who determine whether wars start or end. Second, some countries are more likely than others to experience civil war conflict and therefore the risks of civil war differ considerably according to a country's characteristics, including its economic stability. Finally, Breaking the Conflict Trap explores viable international measures that can be taken to reduce the global incidence of civil war and proposes a practical agenda for action. This book should serve as a wake-up call to anyone in the international community who still thinks that development and conflict are distinct issues. This book will also be of interest to researchers, academics, and anyone interested in conflict and post-conflict resolution.--Jacket.

Civil War and Development Policy

Breaking the Conflict Trap

Anke Hoeffler

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