Antonio Estache

Ana Goicoechea

This note provides a snapshot as of 2004 of the share of countries with an independent regulatory agency and with at least some private sector financing of its sectoral investment needs for electricity, water and sanitation, and telecommunications. Among other things, they show that: For respectively, electricity, water and sanitation, and telecommunications, 51 percent, 21 percent, and 66 percent of the developing countries in the sample have an independent regulator, that is, an agency separate from a ministry and from the operator. For respectively, electricity generation, electricity distribution, water and sanitation, and telecommunications, 47 percent, 36 percent, 35 percent, and 59 percent of the developing countries in the sample have at least some private sector financing. The shares of both agencies and private sector involvement tend to increase with income levels. Latin and Central America and Eastern Europe are outliers among regions as almost systematically they have among the highest shares for both indicators across sectors (except water).

How Widespread Were Private Investment and Regulatory Reform in Infrastructure Utilities During the 1990s?

Eric Bond

Which Foreign Investors Worry about Foreign Exchange Risk in South Asia and Why?

Lucia Quesada

If having firm-driven renegotiations of contracts for infrastructure services is a major concern, efficiency should not be the only consideration in selecting an operator, indeed, consumers may want to award the concession to a less efficient firm if that would reduce the probability of renegotiation.

Some Efficiency Versus Equity Dilemmas

Concession Contract Renegotiations

Kangbin Zheng

The Potential Use of Taxes and Fines by Federal and State Governments

Managing Pollution Control in Brazil

Danny Leipziger

Stuck in the Middle examines both economic and social public policy initiatives in its assertion that enhancing the welfare of people in developed and developing nations requires an explicit focus on the middle class. Contents Foreword 1. Overview: Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and the Middle Class 2. Stylized Facts on the Middle Class and the Development Process 3. The Future of Global Income Inequality 4. The Scope and Limits of Subsidies 5. Policies for Lower Global Wealth Inequality 6. Can Happiness Research Help Fiscal Policy? 7. The Politics of Effective and Sustainable Redistribution

Is Fiscal Policy Failing the Middle Class?

Stuck in the Middle

Emmanuelle Auriol

Claude Crampes

This book provides the tools needed to analyse the present and the future of economic regulation.

Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Practice

Regulating Public Services

An Introduction to Financial and Economic Modeling for Ultity Regulators

Antonio Estache

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