Arild Angelsen

Helle Overgaard Larsen

Carsten Smith Olsen

Thousands of surveys on rural livelihoods in developing countries are being done every year. Unfortunately, many suffer from weaknesses in methods and problems in implementation. Quantifying households' dependence on multiple environmental resources (forests, bush, grasslands and rivers) is particularly difficult and often simply ignored in the surveys. The results therefore do not reflect rural realities. In particular, 'the hidden harvest' from natural resources is generally too important to livelihoods for development research, policies and practice to ignore. Fieldwork using state-of-the-art methods, and in particular well-designed household questionnaires, thus becomes an imperative to adequately capture key dimensions of rural welfare. This book describes how to do a better job when designing and implementing household and village surveys for quantitative assessment of rural livelihoods in developing countries. It covers the entire research process from planning to sharing research results. It draws on the experiences from a large global-comparative project, the Poverty Environment Network (PEN), to develop more robust and validated methods, enriched by numerous practical examples from the field. The book will provide an invaluable guide to methods and a practical handbook for students and professionals.

Methods for Research and Fieldwork

Measuring Livelihoods and Environmental Dependence

William D. Sunderlin

Louis V. Verchot

Maria Brockhaus

Como ideia, REDD+ é uma história de sucesso: é uma nova abordagem que gera esperança de financiamento significativo baseado em resultados, para satisfazer uma necessidade urgente de mitigação das mudanças climáticas. A ideia tem sido suficientemente abrangente para servir como uma cúpula sob a qual uma ampla gama de atores pode desenvolver seus programas específicos. REDD+ enfrenta enormes desafios: interesses políticos e econômicos poderosos favorecem o contínuo desmatamento e degradação florestal. Sua implementação deve ser coordenada entre vários níveis e agências do governo; os benefícios devem ser distribuídos e precisam equilibrar eficácia e capital; a insegurança e as salvaguardas do direito de ocupação devem ser verdadeiramente abordadas; e são necessárias instituições transparentes, monitoramento confiável do carbono e níveis de referência realistas para apoiar sistemas baseados em resultados.

Análise de REDD+: Desafios e escolhas

Sebagai sebuah gagasan, REDD+ adalah cerita sukses: sebuah pendekatan baru yang membangkitkan harapan bagi penggalangan dana berbasiskan hasil untuk menindaklanjuti kebutuhan mendesak dalam mitigasi perubahan iklim. Gagasan ini cukup luas untuk menjadi sebuah tajuk pohon, untuk memayungi sejumlah besar pelaku di bawahnya untuk menumbuhkan pohon mereka sendiri. REDD+ menghadapi berbagai tantangan besar: Sejumlah kepentingan politik dan ekonomi yang kuat mendukung deforestasi dan degradasi yang berlanjut. Karena itu, implementasinya harus dikoordinasikan antara berbagai tingkat pemerintahan dan lembaga; manfaatnya harus disalurkan dengan menyeimbangkan keefektifan dan kesetaraan; ketidakpastian kepemilikan lahan (tenurial) dan jaringan pengamannya harus ditangani sungguh-sungguh; serta institusi yang transparan, pemantauan karbon yang dapat diandalkan dan tingkat acuan yang realistis, semuanya dibutuhkan untuk mendukung berbagai sistem berbasiskan hasil. REDD+ membutuhkan – dan dapat menjadi katalisator – perubahan transformatif: Insentif ekonomi yang baru, informasi dan wacana yang baru, berbagai pelaku dan koalisi kebijakan yang baru berpotensi untuk menggeser kebijakan domestik agar menjauh dari jalur bisnis seperti biasa. Proyek-proyek REDD+ bersifat gabungan di kawasan-kawasan yang tingkat deforestasinya tinggi: Para pengusul proyek mengusahakan strategi yang menggabungkan penegakan peraturan dan mendukung mata pencaharian alternatif (ICDP) dengan sejumlah insentif yang berbasiskan hasil (PES). Proyek-proyek cenderung berlokasi di kawasan-kawasan yang tingkat deforestasinya tinggi dan nilai karbonnya besar, sehingga menghasilkan nilai tambahan yang tinggi jika mereka berhasil. Ada pilihan kebijakan ‘tanpa penyesalan’: Meskipun ada ketidakpastian tentang masa depan REDD+, para pemangku kepentingan perlu membangun dukungan dan koalisi politik untuk melakukan perubahan, melakukan investasi dalam sistem informasi yang memadai, serta melaksanakan kebijakan yang dapat mengurangi deforestasi dan degradasi hutan, yang semuanya tetap diinginkan terlepas dari tujuan-tujuan untuk mengatasi persoalan iklim.

Menganalisis REDD+ Sejumlah tantangan dan pilihan

Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices [Japanese] This is the third book in a series of highly recognised REDD+ volumes from CIFOR. It provides an analysis of actual REDD+ design and early implementation, based on a large research project  the Global Comparative Study on REDD+ (GCS), undertaken by CIFOR and partners. It takes stock of national, subnational and local REDD+ experiences, and identifies the political and practical challenges to designing and implementing effective, efficient and equitable REDD+ policies and projects.

課題と選択肢

REDD+を解析する

En tant qu’idée, la REDD+ a tout d’une réussite : Il s’agit d’une approche inédite qui donne l’espoir d’obtenir une quantité considérable de financements basés sur les résultats afin de satisfaire le besoin urgent d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique. C’est un cadre à l’image de la canopée, suffisamment vaste pour permettre à un large éventail d’acteurs de faire germer leurs propres initiatives. La REDD+ est confrontée à des défis gigantesques : Certains groupes d’intérêt politiques et économiques puissants sont enclins à poursuivre la déforestation et la dégradation. La mise en œuvre de la REDD+ doit être coordonnée à plusieurs échelons des pouvoirs publics et entre divers organismes ; les bénéfices doivent être distribués et assurer l’équilibre entre efficacité et équité ; la précarité du régime foncier et les garanties à mettre en place doivent être véritablement abordées ; enfin, des institutions transparentes, un suivi fiable du carbone et des niveaux de référence réalistes sont autant d’éléments nécessaires pour soutenir des systèmes basés sur les résultats. La REDD+ requiert des changements transformationnels – qu’elle est d’ailleurs en mesure de catalyser : Il est possible de faire dévier les politiques intérieures du chemin du statu quo en partant sur de nouvelles bases en matière de moyens incitatifs économiques, d’informations et de prises de position, d’acteurs et de coalitions stratégiques. Les projets REDD+ sont des approches hybrides dans les zones touchées par une déforestation importante : Les porteurs de projet suivent des stratégies qui conjuguent d’une part la mise en application des réglementations et l’appui aux moyens de subsistance alternatifs (PICD) et d’autre part les moyens incitatifs basés sur les résultats (PSE). Les projets se situent en général dans des zones caractérisées par une forte déforestation et d’importants stocks de carbone forestier ; ils peuvent donc aboutir à une additionnalité considérable s’ils réussissent. Il existe des options de politiques « sans regrets » : Malgré l’incertitude concernant l’avenir de la REDD+, les parties prenantes doivent renforcer le soutien politique et bâtir des coalitions pour le changement, investir dans des systèmes d’information adéquats et mettre en œuvre des politiques publiques certes capables de réduire la déforestation et la dégradation forestière, mais de toute façon souhaitables indépendamment des objectifs climatiques.

Analyse de la REDD+ Les enjeux et les choix

This paper presents a framework for analyzing tropical deforestation and reforestation using the von Thunen model as its starting point: land is allocated to the use which yields the highest rent, and the rents of various land uses are determined by location. Forest cover change therefore becomes a question of changes in rent of forest versus non-forest use. While this is a simple and powerful starting point, more intriguing issues arise when this is applied to analyze real cases. An initial shift in the rent of one particular land use generates feedbacks which affect the rent of all land uses. For example, a new technology in extensive agriculture should make this land use more profitable and lead to more forest clearing, but general equilibrium effects (changes in prices and local wages) can modify or even reverse this conclusion. Another issue is how a policy change or a shift in broader market, technological, and institutional forces will affect various land use rents. The paper deals with three such areas: technological progress in agriculture, land tenure regimes, and community forest management. The second part of the paper links the von Thunen framework to the forest transition theory. The forest transition theory describes a sequence over time where a forested region goes through a period of deforestation before the forest cover eventually stabilizes and starts to increase. This sequence can be seen as a systematic pattern of change in the agricultural and forest land rents over time. Increasing agricultural rent leads to high rates of deforestation. The slow-down of deforestation and eventual reforestation is due to lower agricultural rents (the economic development path) and higher forest rent (the forest scarcity path). Various forces leading to these changes are discussed and supported by empirical evidence from different tropical regions.

Combining the Von Thünen and Forest Transition Theories

Forest Cover Change in Space and Time

Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications

David Kaimowitz

Types of economic deforestation models. Household and firm-level models. Regional-level models. National and macro-level models. Priority areas for future research.

Economic Models of Tropical Deforestation: A Review

REDD+ must be transformational. REDD+ requires broad institutional and governance reforms, such as tenure, decentralisation, and corruption control. These reforms will enable departures from business as usual, and involve communities and forest users in making and implementing policies that a ect them. Policies must go beyond forestry. REDD+ strategies must include policies outside the forestry sector narrowly de ned, such as agriculture and energy, and better coordinate across sectors to deal with non-forest drivers of deforestation and degradation. Performance-based payments are key, yet limited. Payments based on performance directly incentivise and compensate forest owners and users. But schemes such as payments for environmental services (PES) depend on conditions, such as secure tenure, solid carbon data and transparent governance, that are often lacking and take time to change. This constraint reinforces the need for broad institutional and policy reforms. We must learn from the past. Many approaches to REDD+ now being considered are similar to previous e orts to conserve and better manage forests, often with limited success. Taking on board lessons learned from past experience will improve the prospects of REDD+ e ectiveness. National circumstances and uncertainty must be factored in. Di erent country contexts will create a variety of REDD+ models with di erent institutional and policy mixes. Uncertainties about the shape of the future global REDD+ system, national readiness and political consensus require  exibility and a phased approach to REDD+ implementation.

National Strategy and Policy Options

Realising REDD+

Markku Kanninen

Daniel Murdiyarso

Frances Seymour

Sven Wunder

Laura German

¿Crecen los árboles sobre el dinero? : implicaciones de la investigación sobre deforestación en las medidas para promover la REDD

This book has been developed from a workshop on Technological change in agriculture and tropical deforestation organised by the Center for International Forestry Research and held in Costa Rica in March, 1999. It explores how intensification of agriculture affects tropical deforestation using case studies from different geographical regions, using different agricultural products and technologies and in differing demographic situations and market conditions. Guidance is also given on future agricultural research and extension efforts.

Arild Angelsen

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