Francis James Gillen

Baldwin Spencer

Distribution of tribes, nature of country, isolation of tribes brought about by changes in climatic conditions; physical features, hair forms, cicatrices on women, changes in appearance of men at various ages, height of natives, chest measurements, head & foot measurements; type of social organization amongst the tribes occupying the country extending from Lake Eyre through the centre to the Gulf of Carpentaria; Dieri & Urabunna, group marriage; Arunta, Iliaura, Ilpirra, Unmatjera, Kaitish, Warramunga, Wulmala, Walpari, Tjingili, Umbaia, Gnanji, Binbinga, Allaua, Mara, Anula; classes & sub-classes; tables of relationship terms & descent (Warramunga), relationship terms Worgaia, Umbaia, Tjingili, Gnanji, Binbinga, Mara (with descent table), Anula; moieties - Arunta, Warramunga, Binbinga, Mara; tables showing equivalent sub classes (Warramunga, Walpari, Wulmala, Tjingili, Gnanji, Bingongina, Worgaia) genealogical trees; marriage customs, account of ariltha ceremoney - Arunta, Ilpirra & 14 other tribes; totems - difference between central & south central tribes, gradual change in method of counting descent of totem; universal belief in reincarnation; origin of totemic groups & ancestors; ceremonies connected with the totems - Witchetty Grub & Sun, Erlipinna, Erlia, & water totems (Kaitish), Uluuru, Kingilli (Warramunga - approximately 30 ceremonies connected with these), Ant totem, Thaballa, Pau-wa, Ingwuna, Tappin or Wonna, Ulanji ceremony of Anula; detailed account of all rituals with explanations, sacred objects & body paintings described; Chapter on the Wollonqua totem of the Warramunga, wanderings of the mythic beast, building of mound, drawing of ground designs; ritual objects, ceremonies attendant on the return of a number of ritual objects which had been lent to another group, introducing visiting men to local women; explanation of markings on ritual objects; tradition of Murtu - murtu & the wild dogs (Warramunga).

The Northern Tribes of Central Australia

National Gallery of Victoria

Guide to the Australian Ethnological Collection Exhibited in the National Museum of Victoria

Physical characteristics; organization and marriage regulations, relationship terms, status terms, local grouping; initiation ceremonies - Melville Island, Larakia tribe, Worgait (circumcision) initiates visit other tribal camps; totemic systems and totem groups; ceremonial objects; burial and mourning ceremonies, magic & medicine, reincarnation and conception beliefs, weapons & implements, canoes, clothing & ornaments; ritual bodily decoration; vocabulary and notes of Warrai tribe & Melville Island tribe; subjects cover Wardaman, Laragia, Worgait, Warrai, Melville & Bathurst Islands tribes.

Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia

Nature of country, distribution and names of local group, totemic groups; the Alatunja or headman and his powers; councils of old men, medicine men; Hunting customs, foods, cooking, tracking ability; two exogamous intermarrying groups (Urabunna, Arunta, Ilpirra, Kaitish, Waagai, Warramunga, Iliaura, Bingongina); terms of relationship, avoidance, regulation of marriage by totem (Urabunna); class divisions; totems - Arunta, Urabunna; examples of totem names, ceremonies of the Engwura showing way in which each individual acquires his or her totemic name; wanderings of Alcheringa ancestors, the ritual objects, conception belief; Intichiuma ceremonies, food taboos; timing of holding rituals - Udniringita (witchetty grubs), Erlia (emu), Unjiamba (Hakea), Ilpirla (Manna), Yarumpa (honey ant), Quatcha (water) songs (no translation), place where Okira (kangaroo) ceremony is held - Undiara, cave painting, history of Ungutnika of Undiara, the kangaroo & the Kangaroo men; relationship between the individual & the totem; initiation - detailed account of all rites throwing boy in air, circumcision, body ornaments, sacred objects, performance of certain sacred ceremonies, subincision, burning of blood; meaning of subincision, initiation of women & parts played by women in other ceremonies; words given of few songs, myths behind ceremonies; traditions dealing with origin of the Alcheringa ancestors of the Arunta (maps show tracks followed by the four groups of Achilpa and the spots at which they camped and of the various groups of Udnirringita & of Emu men, their tracks, & other localities concerned with traditions; customs concerning the knocking out of teeth, nose boring, growth of breasts, blood, blood letting, blood giving, blood drinking, hair, childbirth, food restrictions, cannibalism; customs of Kurdaitcha & Illapurinja & the avenging party or Atninga; types of burial, mourning, ceremony to remove ban of silence, body painting; spirit individuals - Iruntarinia & Arumburinga; making & powers of medicine men, forms of magic - pointing bone, love magic, magic to secure growth of beard, magic objects used to cure, sympathetic magic; methods of obtaining wives - charming by magic, capture, gives punishments for elopement, regular method; clothing & personal adornment, general remarks on implements & weapons (spears, spearthrowers, shields, boomerangs, stone knives, stone hatchets, adze, fighting club; musical instruments; types of pitchis (wooden containers); rock paintings & their designs, body decoration sacred & secular; Appendix A; Names of natives gives sub class, totem, personal name in ordinary use, sacred or ritual object name; Appendix B; Wilyaru ceremony of the Urabunna tribe; Appendix C; Table of measurements - Arunta (20 males, 10 females) [this table missing from edition scanned].

The Native Tribes of Central Australia

The Early Sociology of Religion: The northern tribes of Central Australia

Kinship classification, terms of relationship of Larrakya, Worgait, Port Essington, Melville Island, Djauan, Mungarai and Nullakun tribes; full account of initiation ceremonies (Larrakya, Worgait, Djauan, Mungarai, Nullakun, Melville Island, Port Essington); totemic systems (Melville Island, Port Essington, Larrakya, Worgait, Djauan, Mungarai, Mara, Nullakun, Yungman); sacred sticks and traditions associated with them; traditions associated with ancestral heroes; myths concerning Kunapippi (Mungarai), Sugar Bag man (Yungman), Snake man & Thunder man (Mungarai), Rainbow man (Nullakun); beliefs regarding origin of children and reincarnation; burial rites (Larrakya, Melville Island, Mungarai, Mara); mutilation of the body, camps, shelters etc.

An Introduction to the Study of Certain Native Tribes of the Northern Territory

Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia: Zoology

F. J. Gillen

A pioneering and influential ethnography of Central Australian Aboriginal tribal customs and social structures, first published in 1899.

Native Tribes of Central Australia

V.1, chap.2; Lake Eyre region & the Urabunna tribe; Tjantjiwanperta camp; two classes, marriage regulations, totems, descent; account of ceremony for increase of snakes, gives two lines of song (no translation); final ceremony of initiation scarification, myth relating to scars representing the bell bird, three lines of song; chap.3; From Oodnadatta to Charlotte Waters; chap.4; Animal and plant of the Lower Steppes - notes on the water bearing frog; origin of the dingo; chap.5; Charlotte Waters to the Macdonnell Ranges (Arunta) collection of Claytonia seeds for foods, use of grinding stones; tradition relating to site at Engurdina; totem centre at Undiarra (east of Henbury), legend, rock paintings, kangaroo increase ceremony; chap.6; The desert region of Lake Amadeus - rock paintings George Gill Ranges; pitchuri plant used as narcotic & for catching emus, trading; names of native wells; Ayers Rock - Luritja family; paintings - description given of 17 figures, drawings in caves; digging for honey ants; Mount Olga - setting fire to grass to aid catching animals, method of cleaning & cooking kangaroo, division of food; chap.7; The Higher Steppes lizards as food; Finke River Gorge (Arunta & Luritja tribes); chap.8; The Arunta natives and some of their customs and beliefs - methods of carrying children, childhood training, physical characters, hair form & dressing, body ornaments (men & women), notes on moieties, marriage rules, relationship terms; Arunta origin belief, totemic groups; Ertnatulunga place for keeping ritual objects, nature and meaning of designs on 16 ritual objects of Arunta, Warramunga, Kaitish, Urabunna, Luritja tribes; rain making ceremony at Charlotte Waters, body decorations described; chap.9; Alice Springs and the Arunta - native family at Ooraminna, camp life, fire making (2 methods given), weapons - stone axe, flaked stone knife, spear & spearthrower, boomerangs; description of corroboree (Altherta) called Tjitjingalla; account of avenging expedition, tribal fights.

Across Australia

Fieldwork on the Aborigines of Central Australia by Spencer and Gillen was published in two volumes in 1912.

This book contains sensitive material. It is not available for viewing without prior permission of the current head of the Indigenous Cultures Department.

The first ethnographic survey of thirteen tribes from the Northern Territories of Australia, first published in 1914.

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Baldwin Spencer

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