Dave Baiocchi

D. Steven Fox

RAND researchers interviewed representatives from 13 diverse professions and relate how these representatives detect and mitigate the negative effects of surprise.

Surprise! from Ceos to Navy Seals

This report relates what professionals believe creates surprise, how they respond to it, and how the effects of surprise can be mitigated. RAND researchers interviewed representatives from 13 diverse professions and identified some common coping strategies, such as relying on past experience and trying to reduce the level of chaos in the environment.

D. Steven Fox

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