Wolfgang Schneider

Franz E. Weinert

A long-term, comprehensive longitudinal study analyzing developmental changes in the cognitive, social, and personality domain.

Findings from the Munich Longitudinal Study

Individual Development from 3 to 12

During the past two decades, a renewed interest in children's cognitive devel opment has stimulated numerous research activities that have been summarized in hundreds of books. In our view, the field of memory development provides a particularly nice example of the progress that has been made so far. Since John Flavell's landmark symposium on "What Is Memory Development the Development of?" in 1971, the question of what develops has been addressed in different ways, yielding a rather complex pattern of findings. A closer look at current research outcomes reveals that ways of describing and explaining de velopmental changes in memory performance have changed considerably during the past 20 years. That is, while individual differences in the use of cognitive strategies were conceived of as the most important predictors of individual dif ferences in memory performance in the 1970s, the crucial role of knowledge has been demonstrated in research conducted in the 1980s. More recent studies have repeatedly emphasized that neither changes in strategies nor knowledge alone is sufficient to explain general patterns of memory development: Here the claim is that strategies ahd different forms of knowledge (e. g. , world knowl edge, domain knowledge, or metacognitive knowledge) interact in rather com plex ways to achieve successful memory performance. We believe that this claim can be generalized to different fields dealing with intelligent information processing.

Interactions Among Aptitudes, Strategies, and knowledge in Cognitive Performance

Heinz Heckhausen

Peter M. Gollwitzer

Der lange vernachlässigte Willensbegriff wird gegenwärtig in einigen Humanwissenschaften, vor allem in der Psychologie und Hirnphysiologie neu aufgegriffen. Dieser Band soll dazu beitragen, die alltägliche Erfahrungsvielfalt des Wollens wieder als einen Forschungsgegenstand aller Humanwissenschaften zu entdecken. Der erste Abschnitt behandelt das Wollen als einen Gegenstand vielfältiger Erfahrung, sei es in Gestalt geschichtlicher Ereignisse oder literarischer Zeugnisse, im Experiment oder schließlich im Spiegel bildhafter Vorstellungen. Die weiteren Abschnitte beschäftigen sich mit der Vorstellung vom Wollen in der Antike, der Philosophie des Willens sowie der Geschichte der Willenspsychologie. Neuansätze einer psychologischen Willenstheorie betreffen das Bilden von Absichten und ein vornahmegeleitetes Handeln ("Rubikon-Modell"). Abschließend werden pädagogische, psychotherapeutische, strafrechtliche, evolutionsbiologische und hirnphysiologische Forschungsansätze skizziert und diskutiert.

Der Wille in den Humanwissenschaften

Jenseits des Rubikon

Marion Perlmutter

This volume, a collection of papers resulting from a conference sponsored by the Max Planck Society, presents an overview of past research on memory development, possible applications of this research, and new ideas for future areas of study. The role of cognitive components in the development of memory performance and the social and motivational contexts of memory development are described. Includes various theoretical approaches explaining memory development across the life span. Memory Development: Universal Changes and Individual Differences is of interest to researchers, undergraduates and graduate students in developmental psychology, educational psychology and technology, and experimental psychology.

Franz E. Weinert

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