Annette Harder

G. J. Reinink

Alasdair A. MacDonald

The present volume contains twelve new essays on didactic verse, with a broad time-sweep ranging from the most ancient literature (Sumeria) through to the early-modern age (seventeenth-century England). Considered collectively, the contents illustrate the transmission of this important literary kind from Ancient to Modern times, and from east to west, from south to north. The Romantic age led to the lyric being seen as the dominant poetical mode, and today it has become almost axiomatic to view the chief function of poetry as the articulation of the thoughts and emotions of the individual; a concomitant assumption is that the essential quality of poetry is the aesthetic. However, in other cultures, and in earlier times, things were very different, and the didactic was long accorded a secure place as one of several prominent literary modes. While it is difficult to give a precise definition of the didactic, it may be said to be characteristically concerned with knowledge and wisdom, where the latter term inclines toward moral and religious instruction, and the former toward information both practical and encyclopaedic. The present contributions deal with the functioning of didactic verse in such widely diverse areas as: education in school; mnemotechnics; rhetoric, style and composition; farming; grammar; the natural world; cultural identity; liturgy and worship; aetiology; philosophy; politics; intertextuality; man as microcosm; the training of the soul; gender awareness. Truly, the classroom presided over by Calliope, the chief of muses, is no arid intellectual forcing-house but rather a place where the resources of rhetoric, learning and imagination are felicitously combined in the training of the individual mind and the betterment of society in general.

Studies in Didactic Poetry from Antiquity to the Renaissance

Calliope's Classroom

Herman L. J. Vanstiphout

Hlj Vanstiphout

In 1989 the University of Groningen celebrated its 375th anniversary. Near Eastern Studies, in one form or another, have been part of the Groningen curriculum almost from the beginning. For this reason the Department of Middle-Eastern Languages and Cultures decided to contribute to the anniversary celebrations by organizing an international Symposium and a Workshop on The Literary Debate in Semitic and Related Literatures. The topic of the Symposium and the Workshop was chosen and prepared by the members of the research programme Disclosure of Semitic Texts. Since 1985 the literary debate in the Sumerian, Akkadian, Hebrew, Aramaic/Syriac and Arabic language and literature has been a central theme within this Groningen research programme. Because the research group sees as one of its tasks to place the study of the literary and cultural heritage of the Ancient and Mediaeval Near East also in the wider context of its connection with Classical Antiquity and the European Middle Ages, specialists in Byzantine and Mediaeval Studies were also invited to contribute to the Symposium and Workshop. The present volume contains the contributions presented during the Symposium and Workshop on The Literary Debate in the Semitic and Related Literatures. Some of the more important issues regarding matters of genesis, development and possible interdependence of the dispute poems, dialogues and related texts, which can all be subsumed under the general type of 'debate', are discussed in the introduction, which also reflects a number of points raised in the discussions during the Workshop itself.

Forms and Types of Literary Debates in Semitic and Related Literatures

Dispute Poems and Dialogues in the Ancient and Mediaeval Near East

Bernard H. Stolte

This volume includes the thirteen papers which were presented during the workshop The Reign of Heraclius: Crisis and Confrontation, which took place from 19 to 21 April 2001 at the University of Groningen. The long reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (610-641) saw drastic political changes: the conquest of the eastern provinces of the empire by the Persians (603-620), Heraclius' counter-offensive and recovery of these territories (622-628), and the definitive loss of almost the whole Byzantine east in the 630s and early 640s to the Muslim Arabs. Did these historical events cause significant changes in the administrative, political, military and ecclesiastical structures and institutions of the empire? And if so, how did they affect imperial ideology and propaganda and the range of ideas concerning the empire and the emperor which circulated in the different religious communities? In the contributions presented in this book these and other questions are discussed by outstanding scholars of Byzantine history and culture, Eastern Christianity, Judaism and Islam.

Crisis and Confrontation

The Reign of Heraclius (610-641)

Albertus Frederik Johannes Klijn

Patristic Evidence for Jewish-Christian Sects

Alexander Cornelis Klugkist

A. C. Klugkist

The present collection of twenty-five studies represents the general theme of 'continuity and change', as applied to various topics connected with the rich heritage of Syriac culture. These studies cover the period from the early third to the fourteenth centuries, with an incidental excursion into modern times. The focal areas are early Syriac Christianity and its Umwelt and the later West Syrian and East Syrian traditions. Most of the contributions deal with historical subjects, with the general theme elaborated in two different directions: first, ecclesiastical history, monasticism, hagiography and theology, and second, secular history, literature, scholarship, ideas and religions. In a more specific sense the contributions focus on patterns of cultural continuity and change, such as the influence and reception of Greek secular and theological culture and literature, developments within early and later Syriac asceticism, religious controversy, the interaction between different religious communities, and the effects of major political and social changes on the cultural and religious life of the various Syriac communities. One of the most radical political changes in the Middle East concerns the Arab conquest and the rise of Islam in the seventh century. Some authors explicitly discuss the consequences of these changes for the Christian (Syriac and Armenian) populations. The effects of these historical events on intellectual, social and economic life are some of the topics discussed in this connection. Of particular interest is the number of newly edited Syriac texts in this volume, which make available translations of Greek theological works, works resulting from the reception of pagan philosophy, and magic texts reflecting popular belief.

Studies on Continuity and Change in Syriac Christianity in Honour of Professor Han J.W. Drijvers

After Bardaisan

G. J. Reinink

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