Ute Frevert

Günter Stock

Ernst Osterkamp

The volume examines the lives and achievements of women who played determining roles in the history of European academies and in the development of modern science in Europe. These persevering personalities either had a key influence in the establishment of academies ("Patronae Scientiarum") or were pioneering scientists who made major contributions to the progress of science ("path-breakers"). In both cases, their stories provide unique testimonies on the scientific institutions of their time and the systemic barriers female scientists were facing. Conceptualized as a transversal series of biographical portraits, the contributions focus particularly on each personalities’ role in (or relation to) European academies, ensuring both a geographical and disciplinary balance. The co-editors of the volume are Professor Ute Frevert (Co-Director at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development), Professor Ernst Osterkamp (President of the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung) and Professor Günter Stock (former ALLEA President).

From Patronae Scientiarum to Path-Breakers

Women in European Academies

John A. Dormandy

Jean Natali The pathophysiology and management of chronic critical limb -ischaemia (CLI) has always been a problematic area, at least partly because it involves doc tors from a wide range of the traditional medical specialities including vascular surgery, angiology, diabetology, haematology and radiology. The treatment of these patients also varies largely with local circumstances and national traditions. CLI therefore seemed a particularly appropriate subject for a new type of European consensus approach. In 1988 a series of small workshops were held by the European Working Group on Critical Limb Ischaemia to discuss the definition, pathophysiology, in vestigation and management of this condition. The process culminated in a meet ing in Berlin in March, 1989 where 120 specialists from sixteen European countries, representing the basic sciences as well as a spectrum of clinical dis ciplines, met to evolve a Consensus Document on the subject with specific recom mendations. The Document, which is reproduced in the first section of this book, does not of course necessarily represent the unanimous view of all those who participated in its compilation; however it is agreed that it does represent a con sensus or majority view. It was also noted that the comments and recommenda tions in the document should be taken as a whole, and are not intended to dictate the only correct approach to individual treatment.

Günter Stock

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