Jai Galliott

Warren Reed

This volume examines the ethical issues generated by recent developments in intelligence collection and offers a.comprehenisve analysis of the key legal, moral and social questions thereby raised. Foreign and domestic intelligence agencies have received an exponential increase in their levels of funding and public support in the decade after the September 11 terrorist attacks, but have now entered a period of broad public scrutiny and skepticism. This is because despite the huge investment in the human and financial resources of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and its data-collection partners abroad, the large majority of Western nations remain vulnerable to unconventional threats. On a number fronts – interrogation, torture, drone strikes and electronic surveillance – critics from both inside and outside government are now starting to question the purpose, reach and moral authority of the United States-led intelligence establishment. In many respects, the way in which the huge budgets and increasing power of intelligence agencies have collided with public opinion is reminiscent of the scandal-reform cycle that took place nearly four decades ago. In the mid-1970s, a US Senate Committee led by Frank Church produced multiple volumes of information detailing intelligence failures and the abuses of power in relation to the CIA's assassination schemes, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's harassment of Martin Luther King and the National Security Agency's (NSA) efforts to spy on nearly 80,000 American citizens. The scandal resulted in sweeping reforms and the creation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act that requires court approval to eavesdrop on American soil, a presidential ban on extrajudicial assassination and the establishment of the Senate and House Intelligence Committees that were supposed to provide ethical oversight of the various intelligence agencies. While these reforms were stunning at the time, they were not enough and it is now time for all those affected by US intelligence collection practices to investigate their ethical, legal and social implications.All of this takes place in absolute secrecy, with the exception of the occasional leak from concerned individuals, which is moral issue in itself. The problem here is that by definition, a democracy revolves around an informed and engaged citizenry. The aim of this volume is to give some insight into the workings of the intelligence community and to provide the first comprehensive and unifying analysis of the relevant moral, legal and social questions, with a view toward developing policy that may influence real-world decision making. It contains sections on interrogation and torture, intelligence's relation to war, remote killing, cyber surveillance, responsibility and governance. This book will be of much interest to students of ethics, intelligence studies, security studies, foreign policy and IR in general.

Technology, National Security and Intelligence Collection

Ethics and the Future of Spying

This book explores the overarching phenomenon of how force short of war is being used in modern conflict, and how it impacts just war theory. It shows that we need to bring the rules of war into alignment with increasingly digital means of conducting kinetic warfare through the force short of war paradigm. The use of force short of war is now commonplace, in large part owing to casualty averseness and the explosion of emerging technologies, most notably drones, autonomous robotics and cyber. It often involves the selective or limited use of military force to achieve political objectives and assumes many forms. These include targeted killing, assassination, the establishment of no-fly zones, special-forces raids, limited duration bombing campaigns or missile strikes, and 'low intensity' counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations.

Jus Ad Vim

Force Short of War in Modern Conflict

Jens David Ohlin

Duncan MacIntosh

The question of whether new rules or regulations are required to govern, restrict, or even prohibit the use of autonomous weapon systems has been the subject of debate for the better part of a decade. Despite the claims of advocacy groups, the way ahead remains unclear since the international community has yet to agree on a specific definition of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems and the great powers have largely refused to support an effective ban. In this vacuum, the public has been presented with a heavily one-sided view of Killer Robots. This volume presents a more nuanced approach to autonomous weapon systems that recognizes the need to progress beyond a discourse framed by the Terminator and HAL 9000. Re-shaping the discussion around this emerging military innovation requires a new line of thought and a willingness to challenge the orthodoxy. Lethal Autonomous Weapons focuses on exploring the moral and legal issues associated with the design, development and deployment of lethal autonomous weapons. In this volume, we bring together some of the most prominent academics and academic-practitioners in the lethal autonomous weapons space and seek to return some balance to the debate. As part of this effort, we recognize that society needs to invest in hard conversations that tackle the ethics, morality, and law of these new digital technologies and understand the human role in their creation and operation.

Re-Examining the Law and Ethics of Robotic Warfare

Lethal Autonomous Weapons

This volume examines the ethical issues generated by recent developments in intelligence collection and offers a comprehensive analysis of the key legal, moral and social questions thereby raised. Intelligence officers, whether gatherers, analysts or some combination thereof, are operating in a sea of social, political, scientific and technological change. This book examines the new challenges faced by the intelligence community as a result of these changes. It looks not only at how governments employ spies as a tool of state and how the ultimate outcomes are judged by their societies, but also at the mind-set of the spy. In so doing, this volume casts a rare light on an often ignored dimension of spying: the essential role of truth and how it is defined in an intelligence context. This book offers some insights into the workings of the intelligence community and aims to provide the first comprehensive and unifying analysis of the relevant moral, legal and social questions, with a view toward developing policy that may influence real-world decision making. The contributors analyse the ethics of spying across a broad canvas – historical, philosophical, moral and cultural – with chapters covering interrogation and torture, intelligence’s relation to war, remote killing, cyber surveillance, responsibility and governance. In the wake of the phenomena of WikiLeaks and the Edward Snowden revelations, the intelligence community has entered an unprecedented period of broad public scrutiny and scepticism, making this volume a timely contribution. This book will be of much interest to students of ethics, intelligence studies, security studies, foreign policy and IR in general.

Jai Galliott

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