Jamele Rigolini

Julian Messina

Daniel Lederman

Samuel Pienknagura

El emprendimiento es un determinante fundamental del crecimiento y la creación de empleo. Pese a que los emprendedores abundan en América Latina y el Caribe, las empresas de la región son más pequeñas y menos propensas a crecer e innovar que las de otras regiones. El crecimiento de la productividad lleva décadas siendo mediocre y el reciente period de auge de las materias primas no ha supuesto una excepción. Así pues, la presencia de emprendedores dinámicos será necesaria para impulsar la creación de puestos de trabajo de calidad y la aceleración del crecimiento de la productividad en la región. En El emprendimiento en América Latina: muchas empresas y poca innovación se estudia el panorama del emprendimiento en América Latina y el Caribe. El libro recurre a nuevas bases de datos que abordan cuestiones como la creación de empresas, las dinámicas empresariales, las decisiones de exportar y el comportamiento de las corporaciones multinacionales y sintetiza los resultados de un análisis exhaustivo del estatus, las perspectivas y los retos del emprendimiento en la región. Asimismo, el libro suministra herramientas útiles e información para ayudar a los profesionales y responsables de las políticas a identificar los ámbitos de las mismas que los gobiernos pueden explorar para impulsar la innovación e incentivar el emprendimiento transformador con potencial de crecimiento elevado.

Muchas empresas y poca innovación

El Emprendimiento en América Latina

Entrepreneurship -- manifested in the entry of new firms or products into new markets, or substantial improvements in technological capacity or process innovation by incumbent firms -- is widely considered to be an important ingredient for long term economic development. This report argues that entrepreneurship is also a source of employment generation, export growth, and resilience during economic downturns. Although the conventional wisdom suggests that Latin American and Caribbean countries underperform relative to China and other emerging markets in terms of its entrepreneurial dynamism, t.

Many Firms But Little Innovation

Latin American Entrepreneurs

Ruslan Yemtsov

Ugo Gentilini

Margaret Grosh

Universal basic income (UBI) is emerging as one of the most hotly debated issues in development and social protection policy. But what are the features of UBI? What is it meant to achieve? How do we know, and what don’t we know, about its performance? What does it take to implement it in practice? Drawing from global evidence, literature, and survey data, this volume provides a framework to elucidate issues and trade-offs in UBI with a view to help inform choices around its appropriateness and feasibility in different contexts. Specifically, the book examines how UBI differs from or complements other social assistance programs in terms of objectives, coverage, incidence, adequacy, incentives, effects on poverty and inequality, financing, political economy, and implementation. It also reviews past and current country experiences, surveys the full range of existing policy proposals, provides original results from micro†“tax benefit simulations, and sets out a range of considerations around the analytics and practice of UBI.

A Guide to Navigating Concepts, Evidence, and Practices

Exploring Universal Basic Income

Renos Vakis

Leonardo Lucchetti

One out of every five Latin Americans or around 130 million people have never known anything but poverty, subsisting on less than US$4-a-day throughout their lives. These are the region ́s chronically poor, who have remained so despite unprecedented inroads against poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean since the turn of the century. Left Behind: Chronic Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean takes a closer look at the region’s entrenched poor, who and where they are, and how existing policies need to change in order to effectively assist them. The book shows significant variations of rates of chronic poverty both across and within countries. Within a single country, some regions show incidence rates up to eight times higher than the lowest. Despite the higher rates of chronic poverty in rural areas, chronic poverty is as much an urban as a rural issue. In fact, considering absolute numbers, urban areas in many countries, including Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and the Dominican Republic, have more chronic poor than rural areas. Undoubtedly the region has come a long way during the decade in terms of poverty reduction, guided by a mix of sustained growth and increased levels in amounts and quality of public spending and programs targeted directly or indirectly to the chronic poor. While improving endowments and the context where the chronic poor live is a necessary condition going forward, the decade’s experience suggests that it may not be enough to reach the chronic poor. The book posits that refinements to the existing policy toolkit †“ as opposed to more programs †“ may come a long way in helping the remaining poor. These refinements include intensifying efforts to improve coordination between different social and economic programs, which can boost the income generation process and deal with the intergenerational transmission of chronic poverty by investing in early childhood development. Equally important though, there is an urgent need to adapt programs to directly address the psychological toll of chronic poverty on people’s mindset and aspirations, which currently undermines the effectiveness of the existing policy efforts.

Chronic Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean

Left Behind

Francisco H. G. Ferreira

Maria Ana Lugo

pez-Calva

Luis Felipe Ló

Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva

After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services.

Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class

Jamele Rigolini

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