Bowen Li

Bo Yang

Wei Chen

Catherine Stanton

Jianxin Zhao

Mengfan Ding

Haiqin Chen

R. Paul Ross

Shilong Jiang

Objectives:Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is a dominant bacterium in infant gut, which plays a critical role in maintaining the health and development of infants. This study investigated the abilities of eight different strains of B. longum subsp. infantis to regulate the T helper (Th)1/Th2 balance. Methods: Eight B. longum subsp. infantis strains, including I2MI (FJSWXI2MIM1), I4MI [FJSWXI4MI (CCFM1270)], I4MNI (FJSWXI4MNIM1), I5TI (FJSWXI5TIM1), I6TI (FJSWXI6TIM1), I8TI [FJSWXI8TI (CCFM1271)], I10TI [FJSWXI10TI (CCFM1272)], and B6MNI [BJSWXB6MNIM1 (CCFM1269)], were gavaged to BALB/C pups in both female (n = 8) and male (n = 8) mice starting from 1 to 3 weeks old (1 × 109 CFU/day/mice). Selected immune cells were assessed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Cytokines and immunoglobulins were determined by ELISA. Bacterial and bifidobacterial communities were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bifidobacterial groEL sequencing. Results:B. longum subsp. infantis I4MI and I8TI were shown to increase the ration of colonic IgG2a/IgE in male mice (P < 0.05). B6MNI was demonstrated to significantly increase the levels of colonic IFN-γ and IgG2a, as well as the ratio of IgG2a/IgE in female mice (P < 0.05). It was also shown to significantly increase the ratio of colonic IgG2a/IgE (P < 0.05) and reduce the level of colonic IL-4 in male mice (P < 0.05). Furthermore, B6MNI was demonstrated to regulate colonic JAK/STAT pathway in both male and female mice. I4MI, I5TI, and B6MNI were shown to increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and B. longum subsp. infantis in both male and female mice, whereas I8TI was only shown to increase the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and B. longum subsp. infantis in male mice (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated supplementation with B. longum subsp. infantis in early infancy may regulate the Th1/Th2 immune balance, which may prevent the development of related diseases.

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis regulates Th1/Th2 balance through the JAK-STAT pathway in growing mice

Liang Wang

Richard Mortier

This book is about the harmonious synthesis of functional programming and numerical computation. It shows how the expressiveness of OCaml allows for fast and safe development of data science applications. Step by step, the authors build up to use cases drawn from many areas of Data Science, Machine Learning, and AI, and then delve into how to deploy at scale, using parallel, distributed, and accelerated frameworks to gain all the advantages of cloud computing environments. To this end, the book is divided into three parts, each focusing on a different area. Part I begins by introducing how basic numerical techniques are performed in OCaml, including classical mathematical topics (interpolation and quadrature), statistics, and linear algebra. It moves on from using only scalar values to multi-dimensional arrays, introducing the tensor and Ndarray, core data types in any numerical computing system. It concludes with two more classical numerical computing topics, the solution of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) and Signal Processing, as well as introducing the visualization module we use throughout this book. Part II is dedicated to advanced optimization techniques that are core to most current popular data science fields. We do not focus only on applications but also on the basic building blocks, starting with Algorithmic Differentiation, the most crucial building block that in turn enables Deep Neural Networks. We follow this with chapters on Optimization and Regression, also used in building Deep Neural Networks. We then introduce Deep Neural Networks as well as topic modelling in Natural Language Processing (NLP), two advanced and currently very active fields in both industry and academia. Part III collects a range of case studies demonstrating how you can build a complete numerical application quickly from scratch using Owl. The cases presented include computer vision and recommender systems. This book aims at anyone with a basic knowledge of functional programming and a desire to explore the world of scientific computing, whether to generally explore the field in the round, to build applications for particular topics, or to deep-dive into how numerical systems are constructed. It does not assume strict ordering in reading – readers can simply jump to the topic that interests them most.

Functional Programming in Data Science and Artificial Intelligence

OCaml Scientific Computing

Jianxin Zhao

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