James K. Boyce

Léonce Ndikumana

Distinguished Professor of Economics and Director of the African Development Policy Program Léonce Ndikumana

On the Trail of Capital Flight from Africa investigates the dynamics of capital flight from Angola, Côte d'Ivoire, and South Africa, countries that have witnessed large-scale illicit financial outflows in recent decades. Quantitative, qualitative, and institutional analysis for each country is used to examine the modus operandi of capital flight; that is, the 'who', 'how', and 'where' dimensions of the phenomenon. 'Who' refers to major domestic and foreign players; 'how' refers to mechanisms of capital acquisition, transfer, and concealment; and 'where' refers to the destinations of capital flight and the transactions involved. The evidence reveals a complex network of actors and enablers involved in orchestrating and facilitating capital flight and the accumulation of private wealth in offshore secrecy jurisdictions. This underscores the reality that capital flight is a global phenomenon, and that measures to curtail it are a shared responsibility for Africa and the global community. Addressing the problem of capital flight and related issues such as trade misinvoicing, money laundering, tax evasion, and theft of public assets by political and economic elites will require national and global efforts with a high level of coordination.

The Takers and the Enablers

On the Trail of Capital Flight from Africa

James Boyce

In Africa's Odious Debts, Boyce and Ndikumana reveal the shocking fact that, contrary to the popular perception of Africa being a drain on the financial resources of the West, the continent is actually a net creditor to the rest of the world. The extent of capital flight from sub-Saharan Africa is remarkable: more than $700 billion in the past four decades. But Africa’s foreign assets remain private and hidden, while its foreign debts are public, owed by the people of Africa through their governments. Léonce Ndikumana and James K. Boyce reveal the intimate links between foreign loans and capital flight. More than half of the money borrowed by African governments in recent decades departed in the same year, with a significant portion of it winding up in private accounts at the very banks that provided the loans in the first place. Meanwhile, debt-service payments continue to drain scarce resources from Africa, cutting into funds available for public health and other needs. Controversially, the authors argue that African governments should repudiate these "odious debts" from which their people derived no benefit, and that the international community should assist in this effort. A vital book for anyone interested in Africa, its future, and its relationship with the West.

How Foreign Loans and Capital Flight Bled a Continent

Africa's Odious Debts

S. Ibi Ajayi

A comprehensive thematic analysis of capital flight from Africa, it covers the role of safe havens, offshore financial centres, and banking secrecy in facilitating illicit financial flows and provides rich insights to policy makers interested in designing strategies to address the problems of capital flight and illicit financial flows.

Causes, Effects, and Policy Issues

Capital Flight from Africa

« Un ouvrage d’avant-garde qui devrait être lu par tous soucieux de l’Afrique. D’une manière magistrale, mais facilement compréhensible et approfondie, les auteurs démolissent le mythe selon lequel les pays africains ont reçu d’importants flux nets de capitaux étrangers. Ce livre devrait modifier radicalement la pensée et la politique. » – John Weeks Dans La dette odieuse de l’Afrique, Léonce Ndikumana et James K. Boyce révèlent le fait choquant que, contrairement à la perception populaire comme quoi l’Afrique ponctionne les ressources financières de l’Occident, le continent est en fait un créancier net du reste du monde. Au cours des quatre dernières décennies, plus de 700 milliards de dollars ont fui les pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne. Toutefois, les actifs de l’Afrique détenus à l’étranger sont privés et cachés, tandis que ses dettes extérieures sont publiques, dus par les peuples africains à travers leurs gouvernements. Ndikumana et Boyce montrent les liens intimes entre les prêts étrangers et la fuite des capitaux. Plus de la moitié de l’argent emprunté par les gouvernements africains dans les dernières décennies a fui dans la même année, une partie importante étant déposée dans des comptes privés dans les mêmes banques qui ont fourni les prêts. Entre temps, le service de la dette continue à drainer les ressources rares de l’Afrique, réduisant ainsi les fonds disponibles pour la santé publique et d’autres besoins de base. De façon provocatrice, les auteurs proposent que les gouvernements africains devraient répudier ces «dettes odieuses» dont leur peuple n’a tiré aucun avantage, et que la communauté internationale devrait aider dans cet effort. Un livre indispensable pour quiconque s’intéresse à l’Afrique, son avenir et ses relations avec l’Occident.

Léonce Ndikumana

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