Tao Song

Yan Lu

Dong Huang

Boris Krylov

Ma Ke

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience and the most frequent causes for patients to seek medical care. Persistent chronic pain affects millions of people worldwide, causing low quality of health and emotional status, as well as posing a significant social and economic burden. Chronic pain is the long-standing pain that are classified as different types, including chronic primary pain and secondary pain types caused by various diseases. The complexity of cause and symptom in chronic pain is associated with changes in different levels of nervous system, from molecular interaction, synaptic connection, cellular response, and neural circuits. The development of new treatments to manage chronic pain shall base on the better standing of the neuropathological mechanism underlying the symptom, the exploration on the methods of a better diagnosis, and the communication of clinical application standards and results.

Ma Ke

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