Department of Defense (Dod)

U. S. Military

Matthew Hyland

This paper examines the defense organizational responses to the emergence of air and space as warfighting domains and, using these experiences as points of comparison, applies the same logic to consider the question: Should the Department of Defense create an independent US Cyber Force? The author determines that the Army Air Forces had achieved de facto independent status within the War Department by 1942, but airpower advocates continued to press for separation to more effectively advocate for budget share. In 1947 five forces aligned for the first time to support separating air forces from the army: airpower had proven successful in recent combat during World War II; the Army Air Forces had matured into an autonomous institution capable of independence; Army and War Department leadership actively supported a separate airpower service; vigorous Presidential support emerged for airpower to have organizational parity; and a comprehensive reorganization of nation's security apparatus was underway. In contrast, none of these factors were present when the Space Commission elected not to recommend the creation of an independent space force in 2001. With respect to cyber forces, only one of the five factors, broader national security reform, is partially met. As a result, creation of an independent cyber service appears unlikely in the near term.It took over 40 years of military experience with the air weapon and two global wars for the United States Congress to establish an independent United States Air Force. In the same way that organizational independence strengthened airpower, military space operations would benefit greatly from organizational differentiation, independent doctrine and leadership development, and tailored administrative support. The lack of a credible existential threat to national security from that domain, however, has hindered the effort to make the leap to an independent space corps or force. Finding an insufficient and incoherent cadre of space leaders and doctrine in 2001, the Space Commission nudged the Air Force bureaucracy down a path which may in the future be more conducive to organizational independence for space power.At present, none of the five critical factors for separation as identified analysis of Air Force independence align in favor of a separate cyber service. First, there is no recent record of cyberspace combat success that compares in scope or impact to that of airpower in World War II. Second, unlike the cohesive Army Air Forces which formed the corpus of the United States Air Force upon its creation in 1947, cyberspace forces today are spread throughout the four existing services.Third, none of the existing services has indicated a willingness to cede its role in the cyberspace mission, and the resources currently allocated to it, to form a cyber service. In contrast, Army and War Department leadership in 1947 actively supported the transfer of resources necessary to create the United States Air Force. Fourth, the President's cyberspace policy takes no position on the internal Department of Defense organizational construct; unlike in the case for airpower, when President Truman unequivocally advocated for a separate Air Force. The case for the fifth factor, comprehensive national security reorganization, is less straightforward. While several defense-reform efforts are presently underway in Congress with at least a modicum of support from the Defense Secretary, it is unclear if they will approach the transformative scope of the 1947 reorganization which birthed the Air Force. Nevertheless, with none of the other four factors aligned in favor of cyber independence at this time, creation of a cyber service appears highly unlikely in the near term.

Historical Precedents - History of Army Air Force, New Forces After World War II, Analysis of Possible Independent Space Force and Cyberspace Force Services

Creating a New Military Service

Emily Hyland

The husband-and-wife team behind one of New York City’s and Nashville’s favorite pizza places share the secrets behind their acclaimed restaurants in a cookbook featuring more than 100 recipes. NAMED ONE OF THE BEST COOKBOOKS OF FALL 2018 BY THE NEW YORK TIMES AND PUBLISHERS WEEKLY Legions of fans line the block as they flock to Emily and Matt Hyland’s flagship restaurants EMILY and the popular spinoff Emmy Squared. Now, with their irresistible debut cookbook, they share their delicious and doable recipes—no wood-fired oven or fancy equipment required. You’ll be shown how to re-create such crowd-pleasing favorites as their famous round pizza, the iconic Detroit pan pizza, and their legendary EMMY Burger, the juicy wonder that tops many New York City “Best Burger” lists. But EMILY: The Cookbook is more than pizza and burger perfection. You’ll also find recipes for small plates (Nguyen’s Hot Wings with Ranch Dip), salads (Shredded Brussels Sprouts with Blue Cheese, Bacon, and Miso Dressing), sandwiches (Lobster Salad Sandwich), pasta (Campanelle with Duck Ragù), cocktails (a Killer Colada), and scrumptious desserts (Rocky Road Brownies with Rum Ganache Dip). Packed with photos and handy tips, EMILY: The Cookbook is a fabulous find for people who want new ways to entertain, feed, and wow their friends and family. Praise for EMILY: The Cookbook “With EMILY: The Cookbook, the chef Matthew Hyland and his wife and business partner, Emily Hyland, deliver what is perhaps the first really full-throated American pizza cookbook.”—Sam Sifton, The New York Times “The husband-and-wife culinary team behind the New York City restaurants Emily and Emmy Squared serve up more than 100 recipes in their excellent debut collection. . . . The Hylands bring an eclectic flair to some of America’s favorite foodstuffs . . . culled from their restaurant menus, but designed for home kitchens.”—Publishers Weekly (starred review)

Matthew Hyland

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