Ozan Örmeci

Hasret Çomak

Mesut Özel

Doğan Şafak Polat 

Burak Şakir Şeker 

This volume offers a comprehensive analysis of Turkish–Russian relations from historical roots to contemporary challenges. Covering five centuries of interaction, it explores diplomacy, security, energy, and cultural dimensions within shifting global power structures. Contemporary Turkish–Russian Relations in the 21st Century Global Geopolitics brings together distinguished experts to analyze the evolving dynamics between Türkiye and Russia. Organized into three sections—historical foundations, regional dimensions, and key strategic issues—the book offers in-depth coverage of topics such as energy security, defense industry collaboration, cybersecurity, and cultural diplomacy. Contributors examine critical turning points—from Ottoman–Russian rivalry to Cold War tensions and post-Soviet rapprochement—while addressing regional crises, energy politics, defense cooperation, and soft power strategies. With insights from leading scholars, this book provides nuanced perspectives on how Ankara and Moscow navigate competition and cooperation in an era of multipolarity. Essential reading for academics, policymakers, and anyone interested in Eurasian geopolitics. Key Features: Multi-disciplinary perspectives on bilateral relations Analysis of historical legacies and current geopolitical shifts Policy-oriented insights for regional stability and cooperation Ideal for scholars, students, and professionals in international relations, security studies, and Eurasian affairs. CONTENTS Introduction - Hasret ÇOMAK Ozan ÖRMECİ Mesut ÖZEL Doğan Şafak POLAT Burak Şakir ŞEKER PART I: HISTORY OF TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS Ottoman-Russian Relations - Serdar BAY Turkish-SovIet Relations DurIng The Turkish War of Independence and Mustafa Kemal Pasha - Barış DOSTER TURKISH-SOVIET RELATIONS DURING WORLD WAR II - Halit HAMZAOĞLU TÜRKİYE, USSR, AND THE COLD WAR: ANKARA’S ‘SWINGING’ PRAGMATISM - Gürol BABA TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD - Ozan ÖRMECİ Olgun UKŞAL Murat YORULMAZ PART II: REGIONAL ASPECTS OF TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS RUSSIA’S CONTESTED NAVAL POWER IN THE BLACK SEA AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN: A SECURITY STUDY WITH TÜRKİYE’S PIVOTAL ROLE - Mesut ÖZEL TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS AFTER THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR - İdil TUNÇER-KILAVUZ TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY DILEMMA BETWEEN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE - Deniz BERKTAY MAIN CHALLENGES AGAINST PEACE AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA: COVID-19, ENERGY SECURITY, AND GEOPOLITICS - Burak Şakir ŞEKER and Hasret ÇOMAK TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA - Elnur ISMAYIL RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY PERSPECTIVES ON THE SOUTH CAUCASUS - Natavan HUSEYNOVA STRATEGIC CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE: UNDERSTANDING TURKEY-RUSSIA RELATIONS IN MIDDLE EASTERN GEOPOLITICS - Oğuzhan GÖKSEL TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE SYRIAN REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF SECURITY SINCE 206 - Çağlar ÖZER PART III: KEY ASPECTS OF TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS TURKISH-RUSSIAN ENERGY RELATIONSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY - Sina KISACIK and Mesut Hakkı CAŞIN THE FUTURE OF TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN TERMS OF ENERGY SECURITY - Doğan Şafak POLAT TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE DEFENCE INDUSTRY - Cenk ÖZGEN THE MILITARY-SECURITY DIMENSION OF TURKISH-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD - Ahmet SAPMAZ THE ROLE OF SOFT POWER IN TÜRKİYE-RUSSIA RELATIONS - Damla KOCATEPE TÜRKİYE AND RUSSIA IN GLOBAL POWER POLITICS: A STRATEGIC ANALYSIS - Yaşar ONAY THE REALM OF NEW SECURITY THREATS: CYBERSECURITY AS AN UNDEFINED TERRITORY IN TÜRKİYE-RUSSIAN BILATERAL RELATIONS - Cansu ARISOY GEDİK and Emine EMİNEL SÜLÜN Conclusion - Hasret ÇOMAK Ozan ÖRMECİ Mesut ÖZEL Doğan Şafak POLAT Burak Şakir ŞEKER

Contemporary Turkish-Russian Relations in the 21st Century Global Geopolitics

Burak Şakir Şeker

Doğan Şafak Polat

Murat Koray

Today, the growing impact of climate change, armed conflicts, social polarization, and economic instability threatens the foundations of the global order. These challenges escalate rapidly, fuelled by technological advancements and economic uncertainties that we face on a global scale. Disinformation and misinformation stand out as critical global threats. The pressing issues of cybersecurity, geopolitical tensions, unequal opportunities, inflation, forced migration, economic downturns, and environmental degradation present urgent risks that demand immediate attention. The imbalances and inequalities in wealth and resource distribution at all levels breed instability locally, regionally, and globally, further amplifying the fragility and volatility of our global system. Beyond the immediate crises, our book delves into the potential repercussions of artificial intelligence and its implications for the geopolitical supply chain in Türkiye. It meticulously unveils how climate change and geopolitical dynamics could severely impact Türkiye’s security framework, economic landscape, and business sector. In this context, Türkiye must boldly declare its commitment to fostering collaboration among nations, businesses, and civil society to effectively address these global challenges. Türkiye’s pivotal role in this collective endeavour cannot be overstated, and the country should continue to lead initiatives aimed at collaboration and problem-solving. This book offers valuable insights from scholars, experts, and industry leaders, with the goal of elevating awareness and effectively managing emerging risks at every level. Together, we can navigate these turbulent times and create a more resilient global order. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION – Salim Dervişoğlu PART I. GEOPOLITICAL RISKS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TÜRKİYE GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL RISKS – Herbert R. Reginbogin THE WEAKENING OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER – Ozan Örmeci GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL RISKS IN THE NEAR FUTURE AND THEIR REFLECTIONS ON TÜRKİYE – Mesut Özel APPROACHES OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES IN TÜRKİYE TO THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION: IS THERE A CONSENSUS? – İlhan Aras and Sami Orçun Ersay TURKEY’S MIDDLE EAST RISK MANAGEMENT IN LIGHT OF CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PALESTINE – Hasan Acar and Serhat Bulut MILITARY RISKS, EMERGING WARS AND TURKEY – Cihan Kazancıoğlu TÜRKİYE IN A WORLD UNDER THE THREAT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS – Sibel Kavuncu ANALYSIS OF THE TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL CRISIS: THE CASE OF TÜRKİYE (PKK AND ISIS) – Burak Şakir Şeker RECONSTRUCTING COUNTERINTELLIGENCE THEORY THROUGH THE CONCEPTS OF RISK AND THREAT: THE ACTIVITIES OF GREEK SECRET SERVICE MEMBER SAVAS KALENTERIDIS IN TÜRKİYE – Hasan Mesut Önder POTENTIAL GLOBAL RISKS OF TÜRKİYE IN THE PROCESS OF BECOMING A REGIONAL ENERGY HUB – Mesut Şöhret PART II. TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC RISKS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TÜRKİYE GLOBAL TECHNOLOGICAL RISKS: CYBER SECURITY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) – Doğan Şafak Polat GLOBAL TRADE DISRUPTIONS AND CHIP WARS – Delfin Koray, S. Süha Çubukçuoğlu, and Murat Koray THE DUAL ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN VACCINE COMMUNICATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN FIGHTING MISINFORMATION – Ruken Özgül Kılanç and Cansu Arısoy Gedik TURKISH CYBER INSECURITY – Öncel Sençerman PART III. ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TÜRKİYE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR’S ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON TÜRKİYE – Ceren Gürseler Solak PROBABLE ISTANBUL EARTHQUAKE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES AS A NATIONAL RISK – Ali Bilgin Varlık EARTHQUAKE AND FRIENDSHIP CONSOLIDATION: JAPAN’S DISASTER COOPERATION EFFORTS IN TÜRKİYE – Kıvılcım Erkan RISKS POSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES FOR TÜRKİYE DURING THE EUROPEAN UNION HARMONIZATION PROCESS – Pelin Yoğun ANALYSIS OF PLASTIC WASTE IMPORTS FOR RECYCLING ON THE EXAMPLE OF TÜRKİYE – Ali Bilgin Varlık PART IV. SOCIETAL AND DOMESTIC RISKS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TÜRKİYE SOCIETAL RISKS OF GLOBALIZATION – Fazilet Ahu Özmen Akalın IMPACTS OF MIGRATION ON TÜRKİYE – Tolga Otabatmaz SPATIALIZATION OF MIGRATION, RAISING NEW WALLS, AND THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL MIGRATION AS A RISK FACTOR ON TÜRKİYE – Güneş Koç PART V. FAST-GROWING RISKS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TÜRKİYE A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF MEDIA ENGAGEMENT IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION – Ahmet İlkay Ceyhan DIGITAL MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION PRACTICES OF GEN Z IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – Duygu Aydın Aslaner POLITICAL COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGNS IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – Emine Kılıçaslan

Global Risks and Their Impacts on Türkiye

Mesut Özel

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