Panikos Panayi

Stefan Manz

During the First World War, Britain was the epicentre of global mass internment and deportation operations. Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Turks, and Bulgarians who had settled in Britain and its overseas territories were deemed to be a potential danger to the realm through their ties with the Central Powers and were classified as 'enemy aliens'. A complex set of wartime legislation imposed limitations on their freedom of movement, expression, and property possession. Approximately 50,000 men and some women experienced the most drastic step of enemy alien control, namely internment behind barbed wire, in many cases for the whole duration of the war and thousands of miles away from the place of arrest. Enemies in the Empire is the first study to analyse British internment operations against civilian 'enemies' during the First World War from an imperial perspective. The narrative takes a three-pronged approach. In addition to a global examination, the volume demonstrates how internment operated on a (proto-) national scale within the three selected case studies of the metropole (Britain), a white dominion (South Africa), and a colony under direct rule (India). Stefan Manz and Panikos Panayi then bring their study to the local level by concentrating on the three camps Knockaloe (Britain), Fort Napier (South Africa), and Ahmednagar (India), allowing for detailed analyses of personal experiences. Although conditions were generally humane, in some cases, suffering occurred. The study argues that the British Empire played a key role in developing civilian internment as a central element of warfare and national security on a global scale.

Civilian Internment in the British Empire during the First World War

Enemies in the Empire

The first history of Europe since 1945 which examines the continent from a mainly ethnic perspective, Panikos Panayi has drawn on years of research to produce this comparative and exploratory account of the experience of ethnic minorities in post-war Europe. The coverage encompasses all categories of minorities including immigrants and refugees, localised ethnic groupings and dispersed peoples. Geographically, the scope of the book ranges from the Atlantic to the Urals and the Mediterranean to the Arctic, looking in particular at the Soviet Union, Britain, France, Germany, Romania, Cyprus and the former Yugoslavia.

Nations, States and Minorities

An Ethnic History of Europe since 1945

From the arrival of Italian ice-cream vendors and German pork butchers, to the rise of Indian curry as the national dish, Spicing Up Britain uncovers the fascinating history of British food over the last 150 years. Panikos Panayi shows how a combination of immigration, increased wealth, and globalization have transformed the eating habits of the English from a culture of stereotypically bland food to a flavorful, international cuisine. Along the way, Panayi challenges preconceptions about British identity, and raises questions about multiculturalism and the extent to which other cultures have entered British society through the portal of food. He argues that Britain has become a country of vast ethnic diversity, in which people of different backgrounds—but still British—are united by their readiness to sample a wide variety of foods produced by other ethnic groups. Taking in changes to home cooking, restaurants, grocery shops, delis, and cookbooks, Panayi’s flavorful account will appeal to a wide range of readers interested in ethnic cooking, food history, and the social history of Britain. “Wearing his twin hats of foodie and social historian, Panikos Paniyi can appall as well as engender salivation on his tour d’horizon of the multicultural history of British food. His book demonstrates convincingly that whether drawing on its former colonial and imperial possessions . . . or on its European neighbors, the openness of British society has truly enriched its diet and produced its present-day variegated cuisine.”—Washington Times

The Multicultural History of British Food

Spicing up Britain

Racial Violence in Britain, 1840-1950

German-speaking people have always lived, either as temporary or as long-term residents, in the British Isles. While the majority of the visitors arrived to pursue trade, others came for a wide variety of reasons. In the sixteenth century German reformers came to promote Protestantism. In 1714 the Elector of Hanover came because he had inherited the crown. In Victorian times Karl Marx wrote Das Kapital in the British Museum. The nineteenth century was perhaps the highpoint in the history of German settlement, with the establishment of widespread German communities and organisations. The First World War, and a combinations of official and unofficial hostility, destroyed most of these communities. During the interwar years both Nazis and Jewish refugees from Nazism entered the country. Since the war, professionals have formed the basis of the German community. The present volume traces the history of German settlement through a series of essays designed to cover each period and to analyse specific aspects. Germans in Britain Since 1500 represents a unique history of an immigrant grouping in Britain over almost 500 years.

Germans in Britain Since 1500

Immigration, ethnicity, multiculturalism and racism have become part of daily discourse in Britain in recent decades – yet, far from being new, these phenomena have characterised British life since the 19th century. While the numbers of immigrants increased after the Second World War, groups such as the Irish, Germans and East European Jews have been arriving, settling and impacting on British society from the Victorian period onwards. In this comprehensive and fascinating account, Panikos Panayi examines immigration as an ongoing process in which ethnic communities evolve as individuals choose whether to retain their ethnic identities and customs or to integrate and assimilate into wider British norms. Consequently, he tackles the contradictions in the history of immigration over the past two centuries: migration versus government control; migrant poverty versus social mobility; ethnic identity versus increasing Anglicisation; and, above all, racism versus multiculturalism. Providing an important historical context to contemporary debates, and taking into account the complexity and variety of individual experiences over time, this book demonstrates that no simple approach or theory can summarise the migrant experience in Britain.

Multicultural Racism since 1800

An Immigration History of Britain

With the approach of the First World War, the German community in Britain began to be assailed by a combination of government measures and popular hostility which resulted in attacks against individuals with German connections and confiscation of their property. From May 1915, a policy of wholesale internment and repatriation was to reduce the German population by more than half of its pre-war figure. The author of this study charts the growth of the German community in Britain before detailing the story of its destruction under the chauvinistic intolerance which gripped the country during the Great War.

Germans in Britain during the First World War

Enemy in our Midst

Double-decker buses, bowler hats, and cricket may be synonymous with British culture, but when it comes to their cuisine, nothing comes to mind faster than fish and chips. Sprinkled with salt and vinegar and often accompanied by mushy peas, fish and chips were the original British fast food. In this innovative book, Panikos Panayi unwraps the history of Britain’s most popular takeout, relating a story that brings up complicated issues of class, identity, and development. Investigating the origins of eating fish and potatoes in Britain, Panayi describes the birth of the meal itself, telling how fried fish was first introduced and sold by immigrant Jews before it spread to the British working classes in the early nineteenth century. He then moves on to the technological and economic advances that led to its mass consumption and explores the height of fish and chips’ popularity in the first half of the twentieth century and how it has remained a favorite today, despite the arrival of new contenders for the title of Britain’s national dish. Revealing its wider ethnic affiliations within the country, he examines how migrant communities such as Italians came to dominate the fish and chip trade in the twentieth century. Brimming with facts, anecdotes, and images of historical and modern examples of this batter-dipped meal, Fish and Chips will appeal to all foodies who love this quintessentially British dish.

A History

Fish and Chips

The first history of London to show how immigrants have built, shaped and made a great success of the capital city London is now a global financial and multicultural hub in which over three hundred languages are spoken. But the history of London has always been a history of immigration. Panikos Panayi explores the rich and vibrant story of London- from its founding two millennia ago by Roman invaders, to Jewish and German immigrants in the Victorian period, to the Windrush generation invited from Caribbean countries in the twentieth century. Panayi shows how migration has been fundamental to London's economic, social, political and cultural development. Migrant City sheds light on the various ways in which newcomers have shaped London life, acting as cheap labour, contributing to the success of its financial sector, its curry houses, and its football clubs. London's economy has long been driven by migrants, from earlier continental financiers and more recent European Union citizens. Without immigration, fueled by globalization, Panayi argues, London would not have become the world city it is today.

Migrant City

Professor of European History Panikos Panayi

Examines immigration, ethnicity and racism in Britain from 1815 to 1945. This book tackles four themes: why so many immigrants made their way to Britain during that time; the geographical, gender and economic divisions of newcomers; ethnicity; and the reactions of the British to the newcomers.

Immigration, Ethnicity and Racism in Britain, 1815-1945

The present volume traces the history of German settlement through a series of essays designed to cover each period and to analyse specific aspects.

For most of the nineteenth century, Germans represented the largest continental immigrant population in Britain, yet to date no study has concentrated on them. They entered the country for a combination of religious, political and economic reasons and established themselves in thriving immigrant communities. Hostility towards them spread throughout the 1800s and escalated with the growth of Anglo-German hostility in the period leading up to the outbreak of World War I. This thoroughly researched study fills a gap in the modern history of Britain and the history of German immigrant communities. It will be of interest to anyone wishing to learn more about Anglo-German relations, migration and ethnicity.

German Immigrants in Britain During the 19th Century, 1815-1914

This book is a documentary history of immigration into post-war Britain. Using a range of sources, it illustrates both the structural and personal reasons for immigration. The author pays special attention to the social and economic lives of immigrants--while some have found economic success, the majority remain underprivileged. Many have tried to maintain their ethnicity, especially through language, religion, politics and culture. As a result, many immigrants have faced varying degrees of hostility from the state and from individual "native" Britons.

A Documentary History of the Effects and Experiences of Immigrants in Britain Since 1945

The Impact of Immigration

The oppression of minorities has been a theme in the history of Europe. It has been a cause of dispute over territory, often resulting in war. With nation states demanding undivided loyalty of its citizens, there has been discrimination and racism, which has often led to persecution, at its most extreme in the Nazi crusade against the Jews. This is a history of European minority communities. It deals with the dispersed minorities, the Jews and the gypsies, as well as the muslims of the Balkans and the diaspora of Germans in eastern Europe from the Middle Ages to 1945. Almost all countries have disadvantaged ethnic and linguistic minorities; whether minorities without their own states, such as the Breton, Scots, Vlachs and Kurds; or those such as the Russians in Estonia or the Greeks in Turkey, who form linguistic groups different from the native majorities. During wars the existence of alien communities often led to persecution, in turn bringing huge refugee migrations. The result has been the resettlement of European populations. Since World War II the demand for cheap labour has led to an influx of immigrants from outside Europe. This followed a wave in which workers from the poor Mediterranean countries travelled north to industrial heartlands. Although all EEC countries now operate strict controls on immigrants, there is pressure from the east, following the fall of Communism, and from the Third World, where birth rates outstrip that of Europe. The existence of this pressure is a determinant of Europe's history in the 21st century.

History of European Minorities

Outsiders

STEFAN. PANAYI MANZ (PANIKOS.)

Civilian Internment in the British Empire During the First World War

Matthew Stibbe

Although civilian internment has become associated with the Second World War in popular memory, it has a longer history. The turning point in this history occurred during the First World War when, in the interests of ‘security’ in a situation of total war, the internment of ‘enemy aliens’ became part of state policy for the belligerent states, resulting in the incarceration, displacement and, in more extreme cases, the death by neglect or deliberate killing of hundreds of thousands of people throughout the world. This pioneering book on internment during the First World War brings together international experts to investigate the importance of the conflict for the history of civilian incarceration.

Panikos Panayi

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