Philipp Cimiano

For humans, understanding a natural language sentence or discourse is so effortless that we hardly ever think about it. For machines, however, the task of interpreting natural language, especially grasping meaning beyond the literal content, has proven extremely difficult and requires a large amount of background knowledge. This book focuses on the interpretation of natural language with respect to specific domain knowledge captured in ontologies. The main contribution is an approach that puts ontologies at the center of the interpretation process. This means that ontologies not only provide a formalization of domain knowledge necessary for interpretation but also support and guide the construction of meaning representations. We start with an introduction to ontologies and demonstrate how linguistic information can be attached to them by means of the ontology lexicon model lemon. These lexica then serve as basis for the automatic generation of grammars, which we use to compositionally construct meaning representations that conform with the vocabulary of an underlying ontology. As a result, the level of representational granularity is not driven by language but by the semantic distinctions made in the underlying ontology and thus by distinctions that are relevant in the context of a particular domain. We highlight some of the challenges involved in the construction of ontology-based meaning representations, and show how ontologies can be exploited for ambiguity resolution and the interpretation of temporal expressions. Finally, we present a question answering system that combines all tools and techniques introduced throughout the book in a real-world application, and sketch how the presented approach can scale to larger, multi-domain scenarios in the context of the Semantic Web. Table of Contents: List of Figures / Preface / Acknowledgments / Introduction / Ontologies / Linguistic Formalisms / Ontology Lexica / Grammar Generation / Putting Everything Together / Ontological Reasoning for Ambiguity Resolution / Temporal Interpretation / Ontology-Based Interpretation for Question Answering / Conclusion / Bibliography / Authors' Biographies

Ontology-Based Interpretation of Natural Language

Riichiro Mizoguchi

Elena Simperl

Lora Aroyo

Marta Sabou

Paolo Traverso

Fabio Ciravegna

Tom Heath

Eero Hyvönen

Eyal Oren

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th European Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2009, held in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, in May/June 2009. The 45 revised full papers of the research track presented together with the abstracts of 4 keynote lectures were carefully reviewed and selected from more than 250 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on applications, evaluation and benchmarking, ontologies and natural language, ontology alignment, ontology engineering, query processing, reasoning, search and identities, semantic Web architectures, semantic Web services, and tagging and annotation. In addition to the technical research track, this book presents 8 contributions to the ESWC 2009 PhD symposium, 24 system demo papers, as well as 8 contributions to the semantic Web in-use track.

6th European Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2009 Heraklion, Crete, Greece, May 31– June 4, 2009 Proceedings

The Semantic Web: Research and Applications

Paul Buitelaar

The promise of the Semantic Web is that future web pages will be annotated not only with bright colors and fancy fonts as they are now, but with annotation extracted from large domain ontologies that specify, to a computer in a way that it can exploit, what information is contained on the given web page. The presence of this information will allow software agents to examine pages and to make decisions about content as humans are able to do now. The classic method of building an ontology is to gather a committee of experts in the domain to be modeled by the ontology, and to have this committee.

Bridging the Gap Between Text and Knowledge

Ontology Learning and Population

H. Sofia Pinto

Knowledge Management and Knowledge Engineering is a fascinating ?eld of re- 1 search these days. In the beginning of EKAW , the modeling and acquisition of knowledge was the privilege of – or rather a burden for – a few knowledge engineers familiar with knowledge engineering paradigms and knowledge rep- sentationformalisms.While the aimhasalwaysbeentomodelknowledgedecl- atively and allow for reusability, the knowledge models produced in these early days were typically used in single and very speci?c applications and rarely - changed. Moreover, these models were typically rather complex, and they could be understood only by a few expert knowledge engineers. This situation has changed radically in the last few years as clearly indicated by the following trends: – The creation of (even formal) knowledge is now becoming more and more collaborative. Collaborative ontology engineering tools and social software platforms show the potential to leverage the wisdom of the crowds (or at least of “the many”) to lead to broader consensus and thus produce shared models which qualify better for reuse. – A trend can also be observed towards developing and publishing small but 2 3 4 high-impactvocabularies(e.g.,FOAF ,DublinCore ,GoodRelations)rather than complex and large knowledge models.

17th International Conference, EKAW 2010, Lisbon, Portugal, October 11-15, 2010, Proceedings

Knowledge Engineering: Practice and Patterns

Sebastian Rudolph

Oscar Corcho

Valentina Presutti

Laura Hollink

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th Extended Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2013, held in Montpellier, France, in May 2013. The 42 revised full papers presented together with three invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 162 submissions. They are organized in tracks on ontologies; linked open data; semantic data management; mobile Web, sensors and semantic streams; reasoning; natural language processing and information retrieval; machine learning; social Web and Web science; cognition and semantic Web; and in-use and industrial tracks. The book also includes 17 PhD papers presented at the PhD Symposium.

10th International Conference, ESWC 2013, Montpellier, France, May 26-30, 2013. Proceedings

The Semantic Web: Semantics and Big Data

John P. McCrae

Christian Chiarcos

Jorge Gracia

This is the first monograph on the emerging area of linguistic linked data. Presenting a combination of background information on linguistic linked data and concrete implementation advice, it introduces and discusses the main benefits of applying linked data (LD) principles to the representation and publication of linguistic resources, arguing that LD does not look at a single resource in isolation but seeks to create a large network of resources that can be used together and uniformly, and so making more of the single resource. The book describes how the LD principles can be applied to modelling language resources. The first part provides the foundation for understanding the remainder of the book, introducing the data models, ontology and query languages used as the basis of the Semantic Web and LD and offering a more detailed overview of the Linguistic Linked Data Cloud. The second part of the book focuses on modelling language resources using LD principles, describing how to model lexical resources using Ontolex-lemon, the lexicon model for ontologies, and how to annotate and address elements of text represented in RDF. It also demonstrates how to model annotations, and how to capture the metadata of language resources. Further, it includes a chapter on representing linguistic categories. In the third part of the book, the authors describe how language resources can be transformed into LD and how links can be inferred and added to the data to increase connectivity and linking between different datasets. They also discuss using LD resources for natural language processing. The last part describes concrete applications of the technologies: representing and linking multilingual wordnets, applications in digital humanities and the discovery of language resources. Given its scope, the book is relevant for researchers and graduate students interested in topics at the crossroads of natural language processing / computational linguistics and the Semantic Web / linked data. It appeals to Semantic Web experts who are not proficient in applying the Semantic Web and LD principles to linguistic data, as well as to computational linguists who are used to working with lexical and linguistic resources wanting to learn about a new paradigm for modelling, publishing and exploiting linguistic resources.

Representation, Generation and Applications

Linguistic Linked Data

This volume contains papers from the technical program of the 6th European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2009), held from May 31 to June 4, 2009, in Heraklion, Greece. ESWC 2009 presented the latest results in research and applications of Semantic Web technologies. In addition to the technical research track, ESWC 2009 featured a tutorial program, a PhD symposium, a system demo track, a poster track, a number of collocated workshops, and for the ?rst time in the series a Semantic Web in-use track exploring the bene?ts of applying Semantic Web technology in real-life applications and contexts. Thetechnical researchpaper trackreceivedover250submissions.The review process was organized using a two-tiered system, where each submission was reviewed by at least three members of the Program Committee. Vice Program CommitteeChairsorganizedadiscussionbetweenreviewers,collectedadditional reviews when necessary and provided a metareview for each submission. During a physical Program Committee meeting, the Vice Program Committee Chairs together with the Program Chairs selected 45 research papers to be presented at the conference.

In the last decade, ontologies have received much attention within computer science and related disciplines, most often as the semantic web. Ontology Learning and Population from Text: Algorithms, Evaluation and Applications discusses ontologies for the semantic web, as well as knowledge management, information retrieval, text clustering and classification, as well as natural language processing. Ontology Learning and Population from Text: Algorithms, Evaluation and Applications is structured for research scientists and practitioners in industry. This book is also suitable for graduate-level students in computer science.

Algorithms, Evaluation and Applications

Ontology Learning and Population from Text

Bernardo Magnini

The latest title in Black Library's premium line. Perturabo - master of siegecraft, and executioner of Olympia. Long has he lived in the shadow of his more favoured primarch brothers, frustrated by the mundane and ignominious duties which regularly fall to his Legion. When Fulgrim offers him the chance to lead an expedition in search of an ancient and destructive xenos weapon, the Iron Warriors and the Emperor's Children unite and venture deep into the heart of the great warp-rift known only as 'the Eye'. Pursued by a ragged band of survivors from Isstvan V and the revenants of a dead eldar world, they must work quickly if they are to unleash the devastating power of the Angel Exterminatus

Methods, Evaluation and Applications

Ontology Learning from Text

Axel Polleres

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th Extended Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2012, held in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, in May 2012. The 53 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 212 submissions. They are organized in tracks on linked open data, machine learning, natural language processing and information retrieval, ontologies, reasoning, semantic data management, services, processes, and cloud computing, social Web and Web science, in-use and industrial, digital libraries and cultural heritage, and e-government. The book also includes 13 PhD papers presented at the PhD Symposium.

Philipp Cimiano

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