John Horgan

Rik Peels

This book explores the underlying challenging conceptual issues in defining, interpreting, and operationalizing notions such as extremism, radicalization, fanaticism, and terrorism. Written by global, multidisciplinary experts, this text lays the conceptual groundwork that the other volumes in the Extreme Belief and Behavior Series will build on.

Definitions and Relations

Conceptualizing Extreme Beliefs and Behaviors

Jeroen de Ridder

René van Woudenberg

Common sense philosophy holds that widely and deeply held beliefs are justified in the absence of defeaters. While this tradition has always had its philosophical detractors who have defended various forms of skepticism or have sought to develop rival epistemological views, recent advances in several scientific disciplines claim to have debunked the reliability of the faculties that produce our common sense beliefs. At the same time, however, it seems reasonable that we cannot do without common sense beliefs entirely. Arguably, science and the scientific method are built on, and continue to depend on, common sense. This collection of essays debates the tenability of common sense in the face of recent challenges from the empirical sciences. It explores to what extent scientific considerations—rather than philosophical considerations—put pressure on common sense philosophy. The book is structured in a way that promotes dialogue between philosophers and scientists. Noah Lemos, one of the most influential contemporary advocates of the common sense tradition, begins with an overview of the nature and scope of common sense beliefs, and examines philosophical objections to common sense and its relationship to scientific beliefs. Then, the volume features essays by scientists and philosophers of science who discuss various proposed conflicts between commonsensical and scientific beliefs: the reality of space and time, about the nature of human beings, about free will and identity, about rationality, about morality, and about religious belief. Notable philosophers who embrace the common sense tradition respond to these essays to explore the connection between common sense philosophy and contemporary debates in evolutionary biology, neuroscience, physics, and psychology.

Scientific Challenges to Common Sense Philosophy

Martijn Blaauw

Ignorance is a neglected issue in philosophy. This is surprising for, contrary to what one might expect, it is not clear what ignorance is. Some philosophers say or assume that it is a lack of knowledge, whereas others claim or presuppose that it is an absence of true belief. What is one ignorant of when one is ignorant? What kinds of ignorance are there? This neglect is also remarkable because ignorance plays a crucial role in all sorts of controversial societal issues. Ignorance is often thought to be a moral and legal excuse; it is a core concept in medical ethics and debates about privacy, and it features in religious traditions and debates about belief in God. This book does not only study an epistemic phenomenon that is interesting in itself, but also provides important tools that can be fruitfully used in debates within and beyond philosophy.

The Epistemic Dimensions of Ignorance

Stefan Paas

Moet je gek zijn om in God te geloven? Of op z'n minst naïef, onkritisch en zweverig? Hoewel moderne mensen hebben afgerekend met de illusie dat er een God bestaat, wil God maar niet dood. Buiten Europa groeit religieus geloof gestaag en zelfs in het seculiere Nederland zijn er mensen die zich tot het geloof bekeren. Natuurlijk kunnen we dat zien als een nieuw bewijs voor de onuitroeibare irrationaliteit van mensen, maar misschien is er meer aan de hand. Misschien is geloven in God niet zo dom als het lijkt. In God bewijzen zetten twee gelovige wetenschappers de argumenten voor en tegen Godsgeloof op een rij. Ze doen dat op een milde manier, zonder polemiek of bekeringsijver, maar met vaart en humor. Het boek is tot stand gekomen met medewerking van gelovige en niet-gelovige wetenschappers uit verschillende vakgebieden en bevat de laatste wetenschappelijke en filosofische inzichten over religie.

argumenten voor en tegen geloven

God bewijzen

A comprehensive exploration of the historical development and philosophical importance of common-sense philosophy.

The Cambridge Companion to Common-Sense Philosophy

What we believe and what we do not believe has a great impact on what we do and fail to do. Hence, if we want to act responsibly, we should believe responsibly. However, do we have the kind of control over our beliefs that such responsibility for our beliefs seems to require? Do we have certain obligations to control or influence our beliefs on particular occasions? And do we sometimes believe responsibly despite violating such obligations, namely because we are excused by, say, indoctrination or ignorance? By answering each of these questions, Rik Peels provides a theory of what it is to believe responsibly. He argues that we lack control over our beliefs, but that we can nonetheless influence our beliefs by performing actions that make a difference to what we believe. We have a wide variety of moral, prudential, and epistemic obligations to perform such belief-influencing actions. We can be held responsible for our beliefs in virtue of such influence on our beliefs. Sometimes, we believe responsibly despite having violated such obligations, namely if we are excused, by force, ignorance, or luck. A careful consideration of these excuses teaches us, respectively, that responsible belief entails that we could have failed to have that belief, that responsible belief is in a specific sense radically subjective, and that responsible belief is compatible with its being a matter of luck that we hold that belief.

Rik Peels

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