Rudolf von Steiger

Ph. Jetzer

K. Pretzl

This volume, the fourteenth in the Space Sciences Series of ISS/, is dedicated to the matter in the universe, which was the topic of a workshop organized by ISSI from 19 to 22 March 2001 in Bern. The aim of the meeting was to gather ac tive researchers from various fields (cosmology, astrophysics, nuclear and particle physics as well as space science) to asses the exciting new developments in the search for abundant and yet unknown forms of matter in the universe. Due to the importance of the field and the rapid developments which are taking place ISSI decided to organize a workshop on matter in the universe and invited nine convenors, John Ellis, Johannes Geiss, Philippe Jetzer, Heinrich Leutwyler, Klaus Pretzl, Rafael Rebolo, Norbert Straumann, Gustav Andreas Tammann and Rudolf von Steiger, who formulated the aims and goals of the meeting. The work shop was organized such as to have only plenary sessions with typically half hour presentations and ample time for discussions. The last day was devoted to conclusions and future objectives. The knowledge of the amount and nature of matter present in the universe is undoubtedly one of the most relevant topics oftoday's astrophysics and cosmology.

Matter in the Universe

Jan De Boer

Lorenzo Pavesi

Ewald Moser

Christian F. Klingenberg

Alex Hansen

Nicholas X. Fang

Matjaž Perc

Jasper Van Der Gucht

Laura Elisa Marcucci

J. W. F. Valle

Alexandre M. Zagoskin

Frontiers in Physics - Rising Stars

G. Beutler

M.R. Drinkwater

R. Rummel

Volume resulting from an ISSI Workshop, 11-15 March 2002, Bern, Switzerland

Earth Gravity Field from Space - from Sensors to Earth Sciences

Dumitru Baleanu

Thomas Beyer

Bretislav Friedrich

Dieter W. Heermann

James Sauls

José W. F. Valle

Jan de Boer

Emilio Elizalde

Christine Charles

Claudio Bogazzi

Launched in 2013, Frontiers in Physics consists of 18 specialties covering all areas of research in physics. With over 500 published manuscripts, the journal is now indexed in SCIE with the first impact factor coming in 2019. Frontiers in Physics aims to become the largest and most cited open access multidisciplinary physics journal. This eBook collects what the Specialty Chief Editors of the journal believed were the most interesting manuscripts published over the past two years. It is a nice collection, which will offer the reader the chance to have a quick overview of the specialties of the journal and offer a glimpse into the state of the art of physics. We must confess that it has been quite challenging to select only one article per specialty section given the many important manuscripts published by the journal in 2017 and 2018. We invite our reader to have a look at the journal homepage and browse what we have published so far. It includes articles on topics very different from each other, written by both early career scientists and well-known researchers, ranging from the indisputable advance of the field to the more bold. We hope you enjoy reading our first edition of the Frontiers in Physics Editor's Choice eBook! Professor Alex Hansen (Field Chief Editor) and Dr Claudio Bogazzi (Journal Manager)

Frontiers in Physics - 2017 & 2018 Editor's Choice

Andrei Bykov

John Raymond

Chevalier Roger

Friedrich-Karl Thielemann

Maurizio Falanga

From early Chinese astronomy to the most recent high precision, multi-wavelength observations, supernovae have been actively examined for centuries. In recent years, this intense study has yielded great insight into the physics of supernovae and their impact on a wide variety of subjects, from cosmology to astrobiology. The unprecedented growth of observational information, the ever increasing computational power for modeling, and the deep multidisciplinary connections of supernovae to stellar physics, galactic evolution, astrochemistry, and cosmic ray origin motivated the publication of this contributed volume. The book provides insights on current progress in the field and presents open-ended questions for future supernova studies. Originally published in Space Science Reviews in the Topical Collection "Supernovae"

Supernovae

R. Lallement

M.A. Lee

In summary, we can conclude that the contributions of the different ionization processes to the total ionization rate for the most abundant interstellar species are basically known. The ionization of the noble gases He and Ne is almost completely dominated by photoionization, whereas for H charge-exchange with the solar wind is most important. For other species, such as 0 and Ar, both processes contribute significantly. Electron impact ionization can typically contribute by '" 10% to the total rate in the inner Solar System. Because direct measurements of the solar EUV flux are not yet continuously available, the variation of the ionization rate over the solar cycle still contains a relatively large uncertainty. The recent measurements of pickup ion distributions and of the neutral helium gas provide an independent tool to determine the total ionization rate that can be used to cross calibrate with the results obtained for the individual ionization processes. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to M. Allen for supplying us with new data on photoioniza tion cross-sections compiled by him. We thank also M. Gruntman for drawing our attention to and support in collecting the most recent data on charge-exchange cross-sections. D. R. was supported by grant No. 2 P03C. 004. 09 from the Com mittee for Scientific Research (Poland). This work was also supported in part through NASA contract NAS7-918, NSF Grant INT-911637, NASA Grant NAGW- 2579.

Proceedings of the First ISSI Workshop 6–10 November 1995, Bern, Switzerland

The Heliosphere in the Local Interstellar Medium

L.A. Fisk

J.R. Jopikii

G.M. Simnett

K.-P. Wenzel

In every scientific discipline there are milestones - periods of significant accom plishment when it is appropriate to pause and summarize the state of the field. Such is the case for the study of the behavior of cosmic rays in the heliosphere. We are just passing through solar minimum conditions, when the heliosphere has a well-ordered and relatively simple configuration. We have been fortunate to have an array of spacecraft - unprecedented in the history of space exploration and unlikely to be repeated for generations - to provide comprehensive measurements of cosmic rays throughout the heliosphere. Ulysses has completed its historic first exploration of the heliosphere at high heliographic latitudes. Pioneer and Voyager have been exploring the outer heliosphere. The durable IMP-8 and now the WIND spacecraft have provided detailed baseline measurements at Earth. Concurrently, there has been a steady improvement in theoretical understanding of cosmic ray behavior through the use of ever more sophisticated numerical models. This milestone in cosmic ray studies was celebrated with a Workshop on Cos mic Rays in the Heliosphere which was convened by L. A. Fisk, J. R. Jokipii.

Volume Resulting from an ISSI Workshop 17–20 September 1996 and 10–14 March 1997, Bern, Switzerland

Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere

Klaus Pretzl

J.L. Linsky

V.V. Izmodenov

E. Mobius

Knowledge about the outer heliosphere and the interstellar medium, which were long treated as two separate fields, has improved dramatically over the past 25 years as a consequence of recent developments: The discovery of interstellar pickup ions and neutral helium inside the heliosphere, the determination of the interstellar hydrogen distribution in the heliosphere obtained using backscattered solar Lyman-alpha radiation, the prediction and subsequent detection of the hydrogen wall just outside of the heliopause, the development of detailed global models for the interaction of solar wind plasma with the interstellar medium, and most recently, direct in-situ plasma and field measurements inside of the heliosheath. At the same time, our understanding of the nearby galactic environment, including the composition and dynamics of the warm gas clouds and hot gas in the local bubble, has benefited greatly from absorption-line spectroscopy using nearby stars as background sources and dynamic modeling. The present volume provides a synopsis of these developments organised into seven sections: Dominant physical processes in the termination shock and heliosheath, three-dimensional shape and structure of the dynamic heliosphere, relation of the plasmas and dust inside and outside of the heliosphere, origin and properties of the very local interstellar medium, energy and pressure equilibria in the local bubble, physical processes in the multiphase interstellar medium inside of the local bubble, and the roles that magnetic fields play in the outer heliosphere and the local bubble. The last theme is probably the most basic of all as magnetic fields play important roles in most of the phenomena discussed here. The volume concludes with four papers providing the "big picture" by looking at the time evolution of both the heliosphere and the local bubble, looking beyond the local bubble, and finally addressing the challenges in modeling the interface between the two media.

Comparisons of New Observations with Theory

From the Outer Heliosphere to the Local Bubble

A. Balogh

Leonid Ksanfomality

This fascinating book reviews the progress made in Mercury studies since the flybys by Mariner 10 in 1974-75. Thus far, it is the only book on Mercury which balances a wide range of Earth-based observations, made under difficult conditions, with the only available space-based data. The text is based on continued research using the Mariner 10 archive, on observations from Earth, and on increasingly realistic models of this mysterious planet’s interior evolution.

Mercury

Rudolf von Steiger

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