Jenny Wüstenberg

Sarah Gensburger

Les images de manifestants mettant à terre une statue du marchand d’esclaves Edward Colston au Royaume-Uni ou celles de la grue soulevant de leur piédestal le général confédéré Robert E. Lee et son cheval aux États-Unis ont fait le tour du monde. L’attention extraordinaire portée par le public et les médias à ces déboulonnages suggère que nous sommes témoins d’un moment charnière dans la politique mondiale de la mémoire. En faisant appel à près de cinquante historiens et historiennes, sociologues, anthropologues du monde entier, Sarah Gensburger et Jenny Wüstenberg invitent à saisir, sur le temps long, les nombreuses formes de cette « dé-commémoration ». La suppression de symboles publics n’est ni une pratique nouvelle, ni une singularité occidentale, ni, nécessairement, l’action de militants luttant contre les héritages racistes et coloniaux. Elle est le résultat d’idéologies et d’intérêts politiques très différents comme, parfois, la conséquence de phénomènes plus ordinaires. Des statues de Lénine en Ukraine à celle de Joséphine de Beauharnais en Martinique, des noms de rues en Algérie ou à Vichy au cimetière de Khavaran en Iran, en passant par les monuments coloniaux en Namibie ou l’acte de voter aux États-Unis, le mouvement se révèle complexe et diversifié. Une réflexion essentielle sur la manière dont les sociétés peuvent transformer, ou non, le passé. Sarah Gensburger est politiste et sociologue, directrice de recherche au CNRS, à Sciences Po Paris. Elle a publié de nombreux ouvrages parmi lesquels, avec Sandrine Lefranc, À quoi servent les politiques de mémoire ? (Presses de Sciences Po, 2017), traduit depuis en quatre langues, et Qui pose les questions mémorielles ? (CNRS Éditions, 2023). Jenny Wüstenberg est professeur d’histoire et d’études de la mémoire à l’université de Nottingham Trent et cofondatrice de la Memory Studies Association. Elle a publié plusieurs ouvrages, dont Civil Society and Memory in Postwar Germany (Cambridge University Press, 2017) et Handbook of Memory Activism (co-direction, Routledge, 2023).

Quand le monde déboulonne des statues et renomme des rues

Dé-commémoration

Sandrine Lefranc

Oublier le passé, c’est se condamner à le répéter. Depuis la fin des années 1990, cette idée a inspiré le développement massif de politiques de mémoire partout dans le monde : musées mémoriaux, monuments, éducation civique et institutions sont chargés d’écrire l’histoire, d’honorer des victimes, de dire le bien et le mal, de permettre aux citoyens et aux gouvernants de construire des sociétés pacifiées. Mais ces politiques n’ont pas rempli leurs objectifs. Elles n’ont pas su endiguer la montée des populismes ni empêcher les actions politiques violentes. Pour comprendre les raisons de cet échec et éclairer le débat public, les auteures remontent aux sources mêmes des politiques de mémoire et s’interrogent, sans concession ni posture partisane : d’où viennentelles ? Que font-elles effectivement ? À quoi servent-elles ? Comment les rendre efficaces ?

À quoi servent les politiques de mémoire

Since 1963, the state of Israel has awarded the title of “Righteous among the Nations” to individuals who risked their lives sheltering Jews during the Holocaust. This distinction remained solely an Israeli initiative until the late 1990s, when European governments began developing their own national categories, the most prominent of which was the “Righteous of France,” honoring those who protected Jews during the Vichy regime. In National Policy, Global Memory, Sarah Gensburger uses this dramatic episode to lend a new perspective to debates over memory and nationhood. In particular, she works to combine two often divergent disciplines—memory studies and political science—to study “memory politics” as a form of public policy.

The Commemoration of the “Righteous” from Jerusalem to Paris, 1942-2007

National Policy, Global Memory

Jean-Marc Dreyfus

On 18 July 1943, one-hundred and twenty Jews were transported from the concentration camp at Drancy to the Lvitan furniture store building in the middle of Paris. These were the first detainees of three satellite camps (Lvitan, Austerlitz, Bassano) in Paris. Between July 1943 and August 1944, nearly eight hundred prisoners spent a few weeks to a year in one of these buildings, previously been used to store furniture, and were subjected to forced labor. Although the history of the persecution and deportation of France's Jews is well known, the three Parisian satellite camps have been subjected to the silence of both memory and history. This lack of attention by the most authoritative voices on the subject can perhaps be explained by the absence of a collective memory or by the marginal status of the Parisian detainees - the spouses of Aryans, wives of prisoners of war, half-Jews. Still, the Parisian camps did, and continue to this day, lack simple and straightforward descriptions. This book is a much needed study of these camps and is witness to how, sixty years after the events, expressing this memory remains a complex, sometimes painful process, and speaking about it a struggle.

Austerlitz, Lévitan, Bassano, July 1943-August 1944

Nazi Labour Camps in Paris

Claire Andrieu

"This volume is the outcome of a conference entitled "Rescue Practices Facing Genocides. Comparative Perspectives" that took place at CERI (the Centre for International Studies and Research, CNRS/Sciences Po) in Paris in December 2006, in association with Sciences Po's Centre d'histoire."

The Multiple Forms of Rescue

Resisting Genocide

In-depth case study of memorialisation processes after the November 2015 Paris attacks On November 13, 2015, three gunmen opened fire in the Bataclan concert hall at 50 Boulevard Voltaire in Paris and subsequently held the venue under a three-hour siege. This was the largest in a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that eventually killed 130 people and injured 500. During the aftermath of these attacks, expressions of mourning and trauma marked and invariably transformed the urban landscape. Sarah Gensburger, a sociologist working on social memory and its localisation, lives with her family on the Boulevard Voltaire and has been studying the city of Paris as her primary field site for several years. This time, memorialisation was taking place on her doorstep. Both a diary and an academic work, this book is a chronicle of this grassroots memorialisation process and an in-depth analysis of the way it has been embedded in the everyday lives of the author, neighbours, other Parisians and tourists.

Chronicles of the Bataclan Neighborhood, Paris 2015-2016

Memory on My Doorstep

This book provides a fresh perspective on the familiar belief that memory policies are successful in building peaceful societies. Whether in a stable democracy or in the wake of a violent political conflict, this book argues that memory policies are unhelpful in preventing hate, genocide, and mass crimes. Since the 1990s, transmitting the memory of violent pasts has been utilised in attempts to foster tolerance and fight racism, hate and antisemitism. However, countries that invested in memory policies have overseen the rise of hate crimes and populisms instead of growing social cohesion. Breaking with the usual moralistic position, this book takes stock of this situation. Where do these memory policies come from? Whom do they serve? Can we make them more effective? In other words, can we really learn from the past? At a time when memory studies is blooming, this book questions the normative belief in the effects of memory.

Sarah Gensburger

Books

Your next favorite book is out there