Won Y. Yang

Jaekwon Kim

Taeho Im

Suhyun Park

Kyung W. Park

Donghyun Baek

Sungjoon Lim

Jingon Joung

Han L. Lee

Woo June Choi

Provides practical examples of circuit design and analysis using PSpice, MATLAB, and the Smith Chart This book presents the three technologies used to deal with electronic circuits: MATLAB, PSpice, and Smith chart. It gives students, researchers, and practicing engineers the necessary design and modelling tools for validating electronic design concepts involving bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), field-effect transistors (FET), OP Amp circuits, and analog filters. Electronic Circuits with MATLAB®, PSpice®, and Smith Chart presents analytical solutions with the results of MATLAB analysis and PSpice simulation. This gives the reader information about the state of the art and confidence in the legitimacy of the solution, as long as the solutions obtained by using the two software tools agree with each other. For representative examples of impedance matching and filter design, the solution using MATLAB and Smith chart (Smith V4.1) are presented for comparison and crosscheck. This approach is expected to give the reader confidence in, and a deeper understanding of, the solution. In addition, this text: Increases the reader's understanding of the underlying processes and related equations for the design and analysis of circuits Provides a stepping stone to RF (radio frequency) circuit design by demonstrating how MATLAB can be used for the design and implementation of microstrip filters Features two chapters dedicated to the application of Smith charts and two-port network theory Electronic Circuits with MATLAB®, PSpice®, and Smith Chart will be of great benefit to practicing engineers and graduate students interested in circuit theory and RF circuits.

Electronic Circuits with MATLAB, PSpice, and Smith Chart

Chapter 1: Fourier Analysis 1 1.1 CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER SERIES (CTFS)................................................................... 2 1.2 PROPERTIES OF CTFS............................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Time-Shifting Property....................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Frequency-Shifting Property ............................................................................................ 6 1.2.3 Modulation Property......................................................................................................... 6 1.3 CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM (CTFT)....................................................... 7 1.4 PROPERTIES OF CTFT............................................................................................................. 13 1.4.1 Linearity............................................................................................................................ 13 1.4.2 Conjugate Symmetry........................................................................................................ 13 1.4.3 Real Translation (Time Shifting) and Complex Translation (Frequency Shifting)..... 14 1.4.4 Real Convolution and Correlation................................................................................... 14 1.4.5 Complex Convolution – Modulation/Windowing.......................................................... 14 1.4.6 Duality............................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.7 Parseval Relation - Power Theorem................................................................................ 18 1.5 DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM (DTFT)............................................................ 18 1.6 DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER SERIES - DFS/DFT.................................................................. 19 1.7 SAMPLING THEOREM............................................................................................................. 21 1.7.1 Relationship between CTFS and DFS ........................................................................... 21 1.7.2 Relationship between CTFT and DTFT.......................................................................... 27 1.7.3 Sampling Theorem............................................................................................................ 27 1.8 POWER, ENERGY, AND CORRELATION............................................................................ 29 1.9 LOWPASS EQUIVALENT OF BANDPASS SIGNALS........................................................ 30 Chapter 2: PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES 39 2.1 PROBABILITY........................................................................................................................... 39 2.1.1 Definition of Probability................................................................................................. 39 2.1.2 Joint Probability and Conditional Probability............................................................... 40 2.1.3 Probability Distribution/Density Function..................................................................... 41 2.1.4 Joint Probability Density Function................................................................................. 41 2.1.5 Condtional Probability Density Function...................................................................... 41 2.1.6 Independence................................................................................................................... 41 2.1.7 Function of a Random Variable...................................................................................... 42 2.1.8 Expectation, Covariance, and Correlation..................................................................... 43 2.1.9 Conditional Expectation.................................................................................................. 47 2.1.10 Central Limit Theorem - Normal Convergence Theorem............................................. 47 2.1.11 Random Processes............................................................................................................ 49 2.1.12 Stationary Processes and Ergodic Processes.................................................................. 51 2.1.13 Power Spectral Density (PSD)......................................................................................... 53 2.1.14 White Noise and Colored Noise...................................................................................... 53 2.2 LINEAR FILTERING OF A RANDOM PROCESS................................................................ 57 2.3 PSD OF A RANDOM PROCESS.............................................................................................. 58 2.4 FADING EFFECT OF A MULTIPATH CHANNEL............................................................... 58 Chapter 3: ANALOG MODULATION 71 3.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)....................................................................................... 71 3.1.1 DSB (Double Sideband)-AM (Amplitude Modulation)............................................... 71 3.1.2 Conventional AM (Amplitude Modulation)................................................................ 75 3.1.3 SSB (Single Sideband)-AM(Amplitude Modulation)................................................. 78 3.2 ANGLE MODULATION (AGM) - FREQUENCY/PHASE MODULATIONS .................. 82 Chapter 4: ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 87 4.1 QUANTIZATION........................................................................................................................ 87 4.1.1 Uniform Quantization..................................................................................................... 88 4.1.2 Non-uniform Quantization.............................................................................................. 89 4.1.3 Non-uniform Quantization Considering the Absolute Errors .................................... 91 4.2 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)................................................................................................... 95 4.3 Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)........................................................................... 97 4.4 Delta Modulation (DM)............................................................................................................. 100 Chapter 5: BASEBAND TRANSMISSION 107 5.1 RECEIVER (RCVR) and SNR ............................................................................................... 107 5.1.1 Receiver of RC Filter Type.......................................................................................... 109 5.1.2 Receiver of Matched Filter Type................................................................................. 110 5.1.3 Signal Correlator........................................................................................................... 112 5.2 PROBABILITY OF ERROR WITH SIGNALING................................................................ 114 5.2.1 Antipodal (Bipolar) Signaling...................................................................................... 114 5.2.2 On-Off Keying (OOK)/Unipolar Signaling................................................................. 118 5.2.3 Orthogonal Signaling.................................................................................................... 119 5.2.4 Signal Constellation Diagram...................................................................................... 121 5.2.5 Simulation of Binary Communication......................................................................... 123 5.2.6 Multi-Level(amplitude) PAM Signaling..................................................................... 127 5.2.7 Multi-Dimensional Signaling....................................................................................... 129 5.2.8 Bi-Orthogonal Signaling............................................................................................... 133 Chapter 6: BANDLIMITED CHANNEL AND EQUALIZER 139 6.1 BANDLIMITED CHANNEL................................................................................................... 139 6.1.1 Nyquist Bandwidth........................................................................................................ 139 6.1.2 Raised-Cosine Frequency Response............................................................................ 141 6.1.3 Partial Respone Signaling - Duobinary Signaling...................................................... 143 6.2 EQUALIZER............................................................................................................................. 148 6.2.1 Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE)...................................................................................... 148 6.2.2 MMSE Equalizer (MMSEE)........................................................................................ 151 6.2.3 Adaptive Equalizer (ADE)........................................................................................... 154 6.2.4 Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)............................................................................ 155 Chapter 7: BANDPASS TRANSMISSION 169 7.1 AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)................................................................................... 169 7.2 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK)................................................................................... 178 7.3 PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK)............................................................................................... 187 7.4 DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING (DPSK)............................................................. 190 7.5 QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (QAM).................................................... 195 7.6 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SIGNALINGS...................................................................... 200 Chapter 8: CARRIER RECOVERY AND SYMBOL SYNCHRONIZATION 227 8.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 227 8.2 PLL (PHSE-LOCKED LOOP)................................................................................................. 228 8.3 ESTIMATION OF CARRIER PHASE USING PLL............................................................. 233 8.4 CARRIER PHASE RECOVERY............................................................................................. 235 8.4.1 Carrier Phase Recovery Using a Squaring Loop for BPSK Signals.......................... 235 8.4.2 Carrier Phase Recovery Using Costas Loop for PSK Signals.................................... 237 8.4.3 Carrier Phase Recovery for QAM Signals.................................................................. 240 8.5 SYMBOL SYNCHRONIZATION (TIMING RECOVERY)................................................ 243 8.5.1 Early-Late Gate Timing Recovery for BPSK Signals................................................ 243 8.5.2 NDA-ELD Synchronizer for PSK Signals.................................................................. 246 Chapter 9: INFORMATION AND CODING 257 9.1 MEASURE OF INFORMATION - ENTROPY...................................................................... 257 9.2 SOURCE CODING................................................................................................................... 259 9.2.1 Huffman Coding............................................................................................................ 259 9.2.2 Lempel-Zip-Welch Coding........................................................................................... 262 9.2.3 Source Coding vs. Channel Coding............................................................................. 265 9.3 CHANNEL MODEL AND CHANNEL CAPACITY............................................................ 266 9.4 CHANNEL CODING................................................................................................................ 271 9.4.1 Waveform Coding......................................................................................................... 272 9.4.2 Linear Block Coding..................................................................................................... 273 9.4.3 Cyclic Coding................................................................................................................ 282 9.4.4 Convolutional Coding and Viterbi Decoding.............................................................. 287 9.4.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM)................................................................................ 296 9.4.6 Turbo Coding................................................................................................................. 300 9.4.7 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Coding............................................................... 311 9.4.8 Differential Space-Time Block Coding (DSTBC)...................................................... 316 9.5 CODING GAIN ....................................................................................................................... 319 Chapter 10: SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM 339 10.1 PN (Pseudo Noise) Sequence..................................................................................................... 339 10.2 DS-SS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)............................................................................. 347 10.3 FH-SS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)........................................................................ 352 Chapter 11: OFDM SYSTEM 359 11.1 OVERVIEW OF OFDM......................................................................................................... 359 11.2 FREQUENCY BAND AND BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY OF OFDM............................ 363 11.3 CARRIER RECOVERY AND SYMBOL SYNCHRONIZATION.......................................... 364 11.4 CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND EQUALIZATION.......................................................... 381 11.5 INTERLEAVING AND DEINTERLEAVING..................................................................... 384 11.6 PUNCTURING AND DEPUNCTURING............................................................................ 386 11.7 IEEE STANDARD 802.11A - 1999....................................................................................... 388

MATLAB/Simulink for Digital Communication

Chapter 1: Fourier Analysis................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 CTFS, CTFT, DTFT, AND DFS/DFT....................................................................................... 1 1.2 SAMPLING THEOREM.......................................................................................................... 16 1.3 FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (FFT)................................................................................. 19 1.3.1 Decimation-in-Time (DIT) FFT..................................................................................... 19 1.3.2 Decimation-in-Frequency (DIF) FFT............................................................................ 22 1.3.3 Computation of IDFT Using FFT Algorithm................................................................ 23 1.4 INTERPRETATION OF DFT RESULTS............................................................................. 23 1.5 EFFECTS OF SIGNAL OPERATIONS ON DFT SPECTRUM....................................... 31 1.6 SHORT-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM - STFT.............................................................. 32 Chapter 2: System Function, Impulse Response, and Frequency Response........................ 51 2.1 THE INPUT-OUTPUT RELATIONSHIP OF A DISCRETE-TIME LTI SYSTEM..... 52 2.1.1 Convolution...................................................................................................................... 52 2.1.2 System Function and Frequency Response................................................................... 54 2.1.3 Time Response................................................................................................................. 55 2.2 COMPUTATION OF LINEAR CONVOLUTION USING DFT...................................... 55 2.3 PHYSICAL MEANING OF SYSTEM FUNCTION AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE 58 Chapter 3: Correlation and Power Spectrum................................................................ 73 3.1 CORRELATION SEQUENCE................................................................................................ 73 3.1.1 Crosscorrelation............................................................................................................... 73 3.1.2 Autocorrelation.............................................................................................................. 76 3.1.3 Matched Filter................................................................................................................ 80 3.2 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY (PSD)................................................................................. 83 3.2.1 Periodogram PSD Estimator........................................................................................... 84 3.2.2 Correlogram PSD Estimator......................................................................................... 85 3.2.3 Physical Meaning of Periodogram............................................................................... 85 3.3 POWER SPECTRUM, FREQUENCY RESPONSE, AND COHERENCE..................... 89 3.3.1 PSD and Frequency Response........................................................................................ 90 3.3.2 PSD and Coherence....................................................................................................... 91 3.4 COMPUTATION OF CORRELATION USING DFT ...................................................... 94 Chapter 4: Digital Filter Structure................................................................................ 99 4.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 99 4.2 DIRECT STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 101 4.2.1 Cascade Form................................................................................................................ 102 4.2.2 Parallel Form............................................................................................................... 102 4.3 LATTICE STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................... 104 4.3.1 Recursive Lattice Form................................................................................................. 106 4.3.2 Nonrecursive Lattice Form........................................................................................... 112 4.4 LINEAR-PHASE FIR STRUCTURE ................................................................................ 114 4.4.1 FIR Filter with Symmetric Coefficients...................................................................... 115 4.4.2 FIR Filter with Anti-Symmetric Coefficients........................................................... 115 4.5 FREQUENCY-SAMPLING (FRS) STRUCTURE .......................................................... 118 4.5.1 Recursive FRS Form..................................................................................................... 118 4.5.2 Nonrecursive FRS Form............................................................................................. 124 4.6 FILTER STRUCTURES IN MATLAB ............................................................................. 126 4.7 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 130 Chapter 5: Filter Design.............................................................................................. 137 5.1 ANALOG FILTER DESIGN................................................................................................. 137 5.2 DISCRETIZATION OF ANALOG FILTER.................................................................... 145 5.2.1 Impulse-Invariant Transformation............................................................................. 145 5.2.2 Step-Invariant Transformation - Z.O.H. (Zero-Order-Hold) Equivalent .............. 146 5.2.3 Bilinear Transformation (BLT).................................................................................. 147 5.3 DIGITAL FILTER DESIGN................................................................................................. 150 5.3.1 IIR Filter Design............................................................................................................ 151 5.3.2 FIR Filter Design......................................................................................................... 160 5.4 FDATOOL................................................................................................................................ 171 5.4.1 Importing/Exporting a Filter Design Object................................................................ 172 5.4.2 Filter Structure Conversion........................................................................................ 174 5.5 FINITE WORDLENGTH EFFECT..................................................................................... 180 5.5.1 Quantization Error......................................................................................................... 180 5.5.2 Coefficient Quantization............................................................................................. 182 5.5.3 Limit Cycle.................................................................................................................. 185 5.6 FILTER DESIGN TOOLBOX ............................................................................................ 193 Chapter 6: Spectral Estimation................................................................................... 205 6.1 CLASSICAL SPECTRAL ESTIMATION.......................................................................... 205 6.1.1 Correlogram PSD Estimator......................................................................................... 205 6.1.2 Periodogram PSD Estimator....................................................................................... 206 6.2 MODERN SPECTRAL ESTIMATION ............................................................................ 208 6.2.1 FIR Wiener Filter........................................................................................................ 208 6.2.2 Prediction Error and White Noise.............................................................................. 212 6.2.3 Levinson Algorithm.................................................................................................... 214 6.2.4 Burg Algorithm........................................................................................................... 217 6.2.5 Various Modern Spectral Estimation Methods......................................................... 219 6.3 SPTOOL .................................................................................................................................. 224 Chapter 7: DoA Estimation......................................................................................... 241 7.1 BEAMFORMING AND NULL STEERING...................................................................... 244 7.1.1 Beamforming................................................................................................................. 244 7.1.2 Null Steering................................................................................................................ 248 7.2 CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR DOA ESTIATION................................................ 250 7.2.1 Delay-and-Sum (or Fourier) Method - Classical Beamformer.................................. 250 7.2.2 Capon's Minimum Variance Method......................................................................... 252 7.3 SUBSPACE METHODS FOR DOA ESTIATION............................................................ 253 7.3.1 MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification) Algorithm................................................. 253 7.3.2 Root-MUSIC Algorithm............................................................................................. 254 7.3.3 ESPRIT Algorithm...................................................................................................... 256 7.4 SPATIAL SMOOTHING TECHNIQUES ........................................................................ 258 Chapter 8: Kalman Filter and Wiener Filter............................................................. 267 8.1 DISCRETE-TIME KALMAN FILTER.............................................................................. 267 8.1.1 Conditional Expectation/Covariance of Jointly Gaussian Random Vectors............. 267 8.1.2 Stochastic Statistic Observer...................................................................................... 270 8.1.3 Kalman Filter for Nonstandard Cases........................................................................ 276 8.1.4 Extended Kalman Filter (EKF).................................................................................. 286 8.1.5 Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF)................................................................................ 288 8.2 DISCRETE-TIME WIENER FILTER .............................................................................. 291 Chapter 9: Adaptive Filter.......................................................................................... 301 9.1 OPTIMAL FIR FILTER........................................................................................................ 301 9.1.1 Least Squares Method................................................................................................... 302 9.1.2 Least Mean Squares Method...................................................................................... 304 9.2 ADAPTIVE FILTER ............................................................................................................ 306 9.2.1 Gradient Search Approach - LMS Method.................................................................. 306 9.2.2 Modified Versions of LMS Method........................................................................... 310 9.3 MORE EXAMPLES OF ADAPTIVE FILTER ............................................................... 316 9.4 RECURSIVE LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION .......................................................... 320 Chapter 10: Multi-Rate Signal Processing and Wavelet Transform............................ 329 10.1 MULTIRATE FILTER........................................................................................................ 329 10.1.1 Decimation and Interpolation..................................................................................... 330 10.1.2 Sampling Rate Conversion....................................................................................... 334 10.1.3 Decimator/Interpolator Polyphase Filters................................................................ 335 10.1.4 Multistage Filters........................................................................................................ 339 10.1.5 Nyquist (M) Filters and Half-Band Filters.............................................................. 348 10.2 TWO-CHANNEL FILTER BANK ................................................................................... 351 10.2.1 Two-Channel SBC (SubBand Coding) Filter Bank.................................................. 351 10.2.2 Standard QMF (Quadrature Mirror Filter) Bank.................................................... 352 10.2.3 PR (Perfect Reconstruction) Conditions.................................................................. 353 10.2.4 CQF (Conjugate Quadrature Filter) Bank................................................................. 354 10.3 M-CHANNEL FILTER BANK ......................................................................................... 358 10.3.1 Complex-Modulated Filter Bank (DFT Filter Bank)................................................ 359 10.3.2 Cosine-Modulated Filter Bank................................................................................. 363 10.3.3 Dyadic (Octave) Filter Bank.................................................................................... 366 10.4 WAVELET TRANSFORM ............................................................................................... 369 10.4.1 Generalized Signal Transform................................................................................... 369 10.4.2 Multi-Resolution Signal Analysis............................................................................ 371 10.4.3 Filter Bank and Wavelet........................................................................................... 374 10.4.4 Properties of Wavelets and Scaling Functions.......................................................... 378 10.4.5 Wavelet, Scaling Function, and DWT Filters......................................................... 379 10.4.6 Wavemenu Toolbox and Examples of DWT.......................................................... 382 Chapter 11: Two-Dimensional Filtering...................................................................... 401 11.1 DIGITAL IMAGE TRANSFORM..................................................................................... 401 11.1.1 2-D DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform)..................................................................... 401 11.1.2 2-D DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform)................................................................... 402 11.1.3 2-D DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform)................................................................ 404 11.2 DIGITAL IMAGE FILTERING ....................................................................................... 411 11.2.1 2-D Filtering................................................................................................................ 411 11.2.2 2-D Correlation......................................................................................................... 412 11.2.3 2-D Wiener Filter...................................................................................................... 412 11.2.4 Smoothing Using LPF or Median Filter.................................................................... 413 11.2.5 Sharpening Using HPF or Gradient/Laplacian-Based Filter.................................. 414

MATLAB/Simulink for Digital Signal Processing

Young K. Choi

Man Cheol Kim

H. Jin Kim

The aim of this book is to help the readers understand the concepts, techniques, terminologies, and equations appearing in the existing books on engineering mathematics using MATLAB. Using MATLAB for computation would be otherwise time consuming, tedious and error-prone. The readers are recommended to have some basic knowledge of MATLAB.

Engineering Mathematics with MATLAB

John Morris

Wenwu Cao

Tae-Sang Chung

In recent years, with the introduction of new media products, therehas been a shift in the use of programming languages from FORTRANor C to MATLAB for implementing numerical methods. This book makesuse of the powerful MATLAB software to avoid complex derivations,and to teach the fundamental concepts using the software to solvepractical problems. Over the years, many textbooks have beenwritten on the subject of numerical methods. Based on their courseexperience, the authors use a more practical approach and linkevery method to real engineering and/or science problems. The mainbenefit is that engineers don't have to know the mathematicaltheory in order to apply the numerical methods for solving theirreal-life problems. An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all theproblems in the book is available online.

Applied Numerical Methods Using MATLAB

Won Y. Yang

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