Wernher von Braun

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

World Spaceflight News

With the success of the Apollo 11 landing on the Moon, Wernher von Braun presented an ambitious plan for manned missions to Mars as soon as the 1980s to the Space Task Group for consideration by President Richard Nixon as the next step in America's space program. Nixon rejected the plan, and the goal of humans on Mars remains unfulfilled. Here are the technical details of his incredible nuclear rocket powered proposal, which was based on studies by Boeing in 1968. Contents: Boeing 1968 Study Volume 1 * Boeing 1968 Study Volume 2 * 1969 von Braun Manned Mars Mission Proposal * von Braun's Integrated Space Program, 1970-1990. In his presentation, von Braun wrote: With the recent accomplishment of the manned lunar landing, the next frontier is manned exploration of the planets. Perhaps the most significant scientific question is the possibility of extraterrestrial life in our solar system. Manned planetary flight provides the opportunity to resolve this universal question thus capturing international interest and cooperation. The information presented here describes a method of landing men on the planet Mars in 1982. The scientific goals of the mission are described and the key decision dates are identified. The 1981 manned Mars mission (1982 landing on Mars) is shown as an integral part of the total space program for the next two decades. The systems and experience resulting from the Apollo program and the missions proposed for the 1970's provide the technical and programmatic foundation for this undertaking. A 1982 manned Mars landing is a logical focus for the programs of the next decade. Although the undertaking of this mission will be a great national challenge, it represents no greater challenge than the commitment made in 1961 to land a man on the moon. Several different modes are possible for accomplishing Mars landing missions, each with its peculiar advantages and disadvantages. The typical Mars Landing Mission begins with the boost of the planetary vehicle elements into Earth orbit utilizing the Saturn V and Space Shuttle vehicles. Following assembly of the complete planetary vehicle in Earth orbit, the Earth departure phase of the mission is initiated. The Mars vehicle then begins a 270-day journey to Mars. This is by no means an idle phase of the mission. In addition to observations of Mars, many other experiments and measurements will be made on both the Earth-to-Mars and Mars-to-Earth legs of the trip that are of prime scientific importance. The spacecraft represents a manned laboratory in space, free of the disturbing influences of the Earth. The fact that there will be two observation points, Earth and the spacecraft, permits several possible experiments regarding the temporal and spatial features of the interplanetary environment. In addition, the spacecraft can be used to supplement and extend numerous observations conducted from Earth orbital space stations, particularly in the field of astronomy. It is possible, for example, that as yet unidentified comets might be observed for the first time.

Wernher Von Braun's 1969 Manned Mars Mission Plans After Apollo and the Boeing 1968 Integrated Manned Interplanetary Nuclear Spacecraft Concept Definition Study

U. S. Government

U. S. Military

U. S. Army

Department of Defense

This study addresses ATLAS and TITAN programs, ATLAS V facility improvements, and individual missions involving ATLAS and TITAN space launches at Cape Canaveral from 1993 through 2006. The section entitled, "The Lockheed Martin Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Program," provides a brief overview of government and contractor efforts that led to ATLAS V operations on Complex 41 at the Cape. Other sections address the deactivation and demolition of Complex 36, ATLAS V construction on Complex 41, descriptions of the various types of launch vehicles, a chronological list of 101 major launches, and individual mission summaries. The mission summaries are grouped by type of vehicle, and they are listed chronologically under three subjective headings: 1) Military Space Operations, 2) Commercial Space Operations, and 3) Civil Space Operations. Since NASA, the Air Force, and the Navy use commercial launch contractors to put their payloads into space, there has been some confusion over just what constitutes a civil, military or commercial launch operation. For our purposes, the sponsor of the mission (Air Force, Navy, NASA or commercial company) will determine where its launch summary is placed. Each launch entry contains a brief synopsis of the mission. Highlights of the preparations for each flight and the launch itself, including delays, scrubs, incidents, and the outcome of the flight, are included. The ATLAS and TITAN Launch Synopsis at the end of this study lists all the launches in chronological order by date (calculated in Greenwich Mean Time - indicated by a "Z" suffix at the end of each time entry), type of launch vehicle, launch site, and payload. Each launch summary and topic is hyperlinked in the Table of Contents and Launch Synopsis for ease of retrieval. ATLAS I/CENTAUR and ATLAS II/CENTAUR Overview * ATLAS I/CENTAUR and ATLAS II/CENTAUR Military Space Operations * UHF F/O #1; DSCS III (Jul 93); UHF F/O #2; DSCS III (Nov 93); UHF F/O #3; EHF F/O #4; EHF F/O #5; DSCS III (Jul 95); EHF F/O #6; UHF F/O #7; DSCS III (Oct 97); NRO Payload (Jan 98); UHF F-8; UHF F-9; UHF F-10; DSCS III B8 (Jan 00); DSCS III B11 (Oct 00); NRO MLV-11 (Dec 00); NRO MLV-12 (Oct 01); NROL-1 * ATLAS I/CENTAUR and ATLAS II/CENTAUR Commercial Space Operations * TELSTAR 4; DIRECTV; INTELSAT VII (Oct 94); ORION; INTELSAT VII (Jan 95); INTELSAT VII (Mar 95); MSAT; JCSAT; GALAXY IIIR; PALAPA-C1; INMARSAT-3; SAX; GE-1; HOT BIRD 2; INMARSAT-3 F3; JCSAT-4; TEMPO II; SUPERBIRD-C; GE-3; ECHOSTAR III; GALAXY VIII-i; INTELSAT 806; INTELSAT 805; HOTBIRD-5; JCSAT-6; EUTELSAT W3; ECHOSTAR V; HISPASAT 1-C; ECHOSTAR VI; ICO-A1 (F2); HISPASAT-1D; AMC-10; SUPERBIRD-6; AMC-11 * ATLAS I/CENTAUR and ATLAS II/CENTAUR Civil Space Operations * GOES-I; GOES-J; SOHO; GOES-K; GOES-L; TDRS-H; GOES-M; TDRS-I; TDRS-J * ATLAS IIIA/CENTAUR and ATLAS IIIB/CENTAUR Overview * ATLAS IIIA and ATLAS IIIB/CENTAUR Commercial Space Operations * EUTELSAT W4; ECHOSTAR VII; ASIASAT-4; MBSat * ATLAS IIIB/CENTAUR Military Space Operations * UHF F-11; NROL-23 * ATLAS V/CENTAUR Overview * The Lockheed Martin Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Program Deactivation of Complex 41 and Construction for ATLAS V The ATLAS V/CENTAUR Family of Launch Vehicles * ATLAS V Commercial Space Operations * HOT BIRD-6; HELLAS-SAT; RAINBOW-1; AMC-16; INMARSAT-4; ASTRA 1KR * ATLAS V Civil Space Operations * MARS RECON ORBITER; PLUTO NEW HORIZONS * TITAN IV/CENTAUR and TITAN IV/IUS Overview * TITAN IV Military Space Operations * MILSTAR (Flt 1); Classified Payload (May 94); Classified Payload (Aug 94); DSP (Dec 94); Classified Payload (May 95); Classified Payload (Jul 95); MILSTAR (Flt 2); Classified Payload (Apr 96); Classified Payload (Jul 96); DSP (Feb 97); Classified Payload (Nov 97); NRO Payload (May 98); NRO Payload (Aug 98); DSP-19; MILSTAR (Flt 3); DSP-20; MILSTAR (Flt 4); DSP-21; MILSTAR (Flt 5); MILSTAR (Flt 6); NROL-19; DSP-22; NROL-16. * TITAN IV Civil Space Operations * CASSINI

Atlas and Titan Space Operations at the Cape, 1993 - 2006 - Covering the Atlas V and Titan IV Rockets, Launch Complex 41 and the EELV Rocket Program

U. S. Air Force (USAF)

45th Space Wing History Office

This study addresses ATLAS V and DELTA IV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) operations at Cape Canaveral, Florida. It features all the EELV missions launched from the Cape through the end of Calendar Year (CY) 2009. In addition, the first chapter provides an overview of the EELV effort in the 1990s, summaries of EELV contracts and requests for facilities at Cape Canaveral, deactivation and/or reconstruction of launch complexes 37 and 41 to support EELV operations, typical EELV flight profiles, and military supervision of EELV space operations. The lion's share of this work highlights EELV launch campaigns and the outcome of each flight through the end of 2009. To avoid confusion, ATLAS V missions are presented in Chapter II, and DELTA IV missions appear in Chapter III. Furthermore, missions are placed in three categories within each chapter: 1) commercial, 2) civilian agency, and 3) military space operations. All EELV customers employ commercial launch contractors to put their respective payloads into orbit. Consequently, the type of agency sponsoring a payload (the Air Force, NASA, NOAA or a commercial satellite company) determines where its mission summary is placed. CHAPTER I - EELV PROGRAM OVERVIEW * Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Contracts and Requests for Facilities * Deactivation of Complex 41 and Construction for ATLAS V * DELTA IV Program Developments on Complex 37 and Related Sites * ATLAS V and DELTA IV Flight Profiles * Military Supervision of ATLAS V and DELTA IV Space Operations * CHAPTER II - ATLAS V LAUNCH OPERATIONS * ATLAS V Commercial Space Operations * ATLAS V (EUTELSAT HOT BIRD 6), AV-001, 21 August 2002 * ATLAS V (HELLAS-SAT), AV-002, 13 May 2003 * ATLAS V (RAINBOW-1), AV-003, 17 July 2003 * ATLAS V (AMC-16), AV-005, 17 December 2004 * ATLAS V (INMARSAT-4), AV-004, 11 March 2005 * ATLAS V (ASTRA 1KR), AV-008, 20 April 2006 * ATLAS V (ICO-G1), AV-014, 14 April 2008 * ATLAS V (INTELSAT-14), AV-024, 23 November 2009 * ATLAS V Civil Space Operations * ATLAS V (MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER), AV-007, 12 August 2005 * ATLAS V (PLUTO NEW HORIZONS), AV-010, 19 January 2006 * ATLAS V (LRO/LCROSS), AV-020, 18 June 2009 * ATLAS V Military Space Operations * ATLAS V (STP-1), AV-013, 9 March 2007 * ATLAS V (NROL-30), AV-009, 15 June 2007 * ATLAS V (WGS-2 [F1]), AV-011, 11 October 2007 * ATLAS V (NROL-24), AV-015, 10 December 2007 * ATLAS V (WGS-2), AV-016, 4 April 2009 * An Additional U.S. Government ATLAS V Mission * ATLAS V (PAN), AV-018, 8 September 2009 * CHAPTER III - DELTA IV LAUNCH OPERATIONS * DELTA IV Commercial Space Operations * DELTA IV Medium-Plus (4,2) [EUTELSAT W5], 20 November 2002 * DELTA IV Civil Space Operations * DELTA IV Medium-Plus (4,2) [GOES-N], 24 May 2006 * DELTA IV Medium-Plus (4,2) [GOES-O], 27 June 2009 * DELTA IV Military Space Operations * DELTA IV Medium (DSCS III-A3), 11 March 2003 * DELTA IV Medium (DSCS III-B6), 29 August 2003 * DELTA IV Heavy Demo, 21 December 2004 * DELTA IV Heavy (DSP-23), 11 November 2007 * DELTA IV Heavy (NROL-26), 18 January 2009 * DELTA IV Medium-Plus (5,4) [WGS-3], 6 December 2009

Evolved Expendable Launch Operations at Cape Canaveral 2002-2009 - EELV Atlas V and Delta IV Rockets, Launch Operations, Commercial, Civil, and Military Space Operations, Complex 41

This document chronicles dockings, module additions, configuration changes, and major events of Mir Principal Expeditions 17 through 21, November 1994 through August 1996. Although Mir has hosted international crews since its early days, increasing focus was placed on international cooperation beginning in 1995. In the period covered by this document, a series of joint missions with the United States began as part of International Space Station Phase I. The first was the rendezvous of the Space Shuttle Discovery with Mir in February 1995, followed in March by the first mission (Mir 18) in which a U.S. astronaut, Norm Thagard, launched on a Soyuz-TM vehicle and served as a Mir crew member. In June of the same year, during U.S. mission STS-71, the Space Shuttle Atlantis docked with Mir for the first time. It brought with it the Mir 19 crew of two and took the Mir 18 crew of three home to Earth; during this docking the ten members of the combined crews set a record for humans aboard a single space complex. Mir 20 hosted European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Thomas Reiter for Euromir 95 and was visited by Atlantis again on mission STS-74. During Mir 21, Atlantis docked with Mir a third time (STS-76), bringing the second U.S. astronaut to serve as a Mir crew member, Shannon Lucid. In August, while Lucid was still aboard, Mir 21 hosted French cosmonaut-researcher Claudie Andre-Deshays and her Cassiopee scientific experiments. The three new modules added to Mir during this period also reflected the trend of international cooperation: - Spektr, a habitable science module added in May 1995, bore an international complement of instruments for Earth observation and sampling and analysis of Earth's atmosphere and the orbital environment. - The Docking Module, built by Russia with U.S. cooperation, was added to Kristall during the November 1995 (STS-74) Atlantis docking to eliminate the need to move Kristall to the -X port each time Atlantis docked with the station. - Priroda, the last permanent habitable module, with experiments designed by 12 nations to gather data on the Earth and its atmosphere, was added in April 1996.

Mir Mission Chronicle - Covering Modules, Configuration Changes, Major Events of the Russian/Soviet Space Station

20th Century NASA Space History

This official NASA document is a reproduction of the actual Mir Space Station astronaut training manual used during the Mir-Shuttle program. Contents include: HISTORY OF MIR COMPLEX * PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES * INTRODUCTION * SALYUT PROGRAM * BEGINNING OF MIR * KVANT-1 * KVANT-2 * KRISTALL * SOYUZ * PROGRESS * QUESTIONS * OPERATIONS PROFILE * PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES * GROUND OPERATIONS * Control Center * Mission Preparation * ONBOARD OPERATIONS * MISSION PROFILE * QUESTIONS * STATION COMPONENTS * PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES * MIR * Transfer Compartment * Working Compartment * Nonpressurized Assembly Compartment * Intermediate Compartment * Mir System Support * KVANT-1 ASTROPHYSICS MODULE * Kvant-1 Systems Support * KVANT-2 SCIENTIFIC AND AIRLOCK MODULE * Airlock Capability * System Support * KRISTALL TECHNOLOGICAL MODULE WITH BURAN DOCKING PORT * Instrument/Cargo Compartment * Instrument/Docking Compartment * System Support * SOYUZ-TM SPACECRAFT * Descent Module * Orbital Module * Instrumentation Assembly Module * PROGRESS-M CARGO TRANSPORT * Orbital Compartment * Tanker Compartment * Service Compartment* * COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS * PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES * * FUNCTIONS OF ONBOARD COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS * ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS * PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES * INTRODUCTION * FUNCTIONALITY OF EPS * Insolation * During Eclipse * During the transition between eclipse and insolation * Distribution of Power * DESCRIPTION OF EPS SYSTEM * Power Generation * Distribution * ACSSA * Russian/U.S. Comparison * EPS SYSTEM INTERFACES WITH OTHER SYSTEMS * ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS SUMMARY * ENVIRONMENTAL AND THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS * MIR COMPLEX ECLSS FUNCTIONALITY * Atmospheric Revitalization * Water Recovery and Management * Atmospheric Control and Supply * Temperature and Humidity Control * Waste Management * Fire Detection and Suppression * CREW HEALTH CARE AND MAN SYSTEMS * PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES * MAN SYSTEMS * Body Waste Management System * Personal Hygienic Systems * Habitability * Countermeasure Devices * Procedures * Drugs * Diets * Radiation Monitoring Equipment * Emergency Medical Treatment Equipment * CREW HEALTH CARE AND MAN SYSTEMS * Section 8 * COMMUNICATIONS, TRACKING, AND DYNAMIC OPERATIONS * PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES * FUNCTIONS OF THE C&T SYSTEM * DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF C&T SYSTEM * Soyuz-TM C&T System Description and Location * Communication and Tracking System Description and Location *GUIDANCE NAVIGATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS * PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES * FUNCTIONS OF MIR COMPLEX GN&C SYSTEM * DESCRIPTION OF GN&C SYSTEM * GN&C Sensors * GN&C Effectors * GN&C Hardware/Software Operations * GN&C Modes of Operation * GN&C SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND CONSTRAINTS * Known Capabilities of the GN&C * STRUCTURES AND MECHANISMS * PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES * DOCKING AND BERTHING MECHANISMS * Probe and Drogue Docking Mechanism * Androgynous Docking Mechanism * HATCHES * MECHANICAL ARMS * SOLAR ARRAY MECHANISMS * EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY SYSTEM * SPACE SUIT * MMU * PAYLOADS * Medical/Psychological * Biological * Earth Resources/Atmospheric * Astrophysical * Material Processing This is a print replica reproduction of the original images. It is based on the best available copy and therefore contains the flaws and defects of the original.

Mir Space Station NASA Astronaut Training Manual - Complete Details of Russian Onboard Systems, Including History, Operations Profile, EVA System, Payloads, and Progress, Soyuz, Salyut Vehicles

Four comprehensive official NASA documents chronicle the historic mission of Apollo 11, which accomplished the first landing of humans on the moon in July 1969. Two technical mission reports, the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) Apollo 11 Mission Report and the NASA Headquarters Mission Operation Report (MOR), provide complete details about every aspect of the mission. Apollo 11 MSC Mission Report: Mission description, pilots' report, lunar decent and ascent, communications, trajectory, command and service module performance, lunar module performance, extravehicular mobility unit performance, the lunar surface, biomedical evaluation, mission support performance, assessment of mission objectives, launch vehicle summary, anomaly summary (CSM, LM, government furnished equipment), conclusions, vehicle descriptions, spacecraft histories, postflight testing, data availability, glossary. Apollo 11 MOR: Mission design and execution, spacecraft performance, flight anomalies, detailed objectives and experiments, launch countdown for the Apollo-Saturn AS-506 launch vehicle, detailed flight mission description, back contamination program, contingency operations, configuration differences, mission support, recovery support plan, flight crew, mission management responsibility, program management, abbreviations and acronyms Apollo 11 Press Kit: Countdown, Launch events, mission events, mission trajectory and maneuver description, earth parking orbit (EPO), trans-lunar injection (TLI), translunar coast, lunar orbit insertion, lunar module descent, lunar landing, EVA, lunar sample collection, LM ascent, lunar orbit rendezvous, transearth injection (TEI), transearth coast, entry and landing, recovery operations, quarantine, Lunar Receiving Laboratory, go/no-go decision points, alternate missions, abort modes, deep space aborts, onboard television, photographic tasks, lunar description, lunar landing sites, CSM systems, lunar module structures, Saturn V launch vehicle, Apollo 11 crew, Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package, ALRH, launch operations, Launch Complex 39, Manned Space Flight Network, ARIA, tracking ships, contamination control program, Apollo program management, Principal Investigators and Sample Investigations, Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations. NASA Mission Report (PAO Release) - At 10:56 P.M. EDT, Sunday, July 20. Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, spacecraft commander of Apollo 11, set foot on the moon. His descent from the lowest rung of the ladder which was attached to a leg of the lower stage of the Lunar Module (LM), to the footpad, and then to the surface of earth's only natural satellite constituted the climax of a national effort that began in 1961. It was an effort that involved, at its peak, more than 300,000 people in industry, the universities and in government. As he took his epochal step, Armstrong commented "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for Mankind." Sharing this electric moment with Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, the LM pilot, were an estimated half-billion TV watchers in most of the earth's nations. As the astronaut descended the ladder, he pulled a "D" ring that deployed a black and white television camera which was focused to record the event. Framed by parts of the LM's under-carriage, Armstrong's heavily-booted left foot descended across millions of TV tubes until his boot sole made contact.

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