Xiang Liu

Albert R. O'Hara

The Position of Woman in Early China According to the Lieh Nü Chuan, "The Biographies of Chinese Women"

"Optical Communications in the 5G Era provides an up-to-date overview of the emerging optical communication technologies for 5G wireless networks. It outlines the emerging applications of optical networks in supporting future wireless networks, state-of-the-art optical communication technologies, and explores new R&D opportunities in the field of converged fixed-mobile networks. This book is an ideal reference for university researchers, graduate students, and industry R&D engineers in optical communications, photonics, and wireless communications who need a broad and deep understanding of modern optical communication technologies, systems, and networks that are fundamental to 5G and beyond." • Describes 5G wireless trends and technologies such as cloud radio access networks (C-RAN), massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), and coordinated multipoint (CoMP) • Gives an insight into recent advances on the common public radio interface (CPRI), the evolved CPRI (eCPRI), and the open radio access networks (O-RAN) interface • Presents X-haul technologies and how transportation technologies can satisfy the mobile network requirements • Describes recent technological advances in access, aggregation, metro, data center, backbone, and undersea optical networks • Discusses the vision and use cases of the 5th generation fixed network (F5G) to help realize a fully connected, intelligent world for the benefit of our global society

Optical Communications in the 5G Era

In early China, was it correct for a woman to disobey her father, contradict her husband, or shape the public policy of a son who ruled over a dynasty or state? According to the Lienü zhuan, or Categorized Biographies of Women, it was not only appropriate but necessary for women to step in with wise counsel when fathers, husbands, or rulers strayed from the path of virtue. Compiled toward the end of the Former Han dynasty (202 BCE-9 CE) by Liu Xiang (79-8 BCE), the Lienü zhuan is the earliest extant book in the Chinese tradition solely devoted to the education of women. Far from providing a unified vision of women's roles, the text promotes a diverse and sometimes contradictory range of practices. At one extreme are exemplars resorting to suicide and self-mutilation as a means to preserve chastity and ritual orthodoxy. At the other are bold and outspoken women whose rhetorical mastery helps correct erring rulers, sons, and husbands. The text provides a fascinating overview of the representation of women's roles in early legends, formal speeches on statecraft, and highly fictionalized historical accounts during this foundational period of Chinese history. Over time, the biographies of women became a regular feature of dynastic and local histories and a vehicle for expressing and transmitting concerns about women's social, political, and domestic roles. The Lienü zhuan is also rich in information about the daily life, rituals, and domestic concerns of early China. Inspired by its accounts, artists across the millennia have depicted its stories on screens, paintings, lacquer ware, murals, and stone relief sculpture, extending its reach to literate and illiterate audiences alike.

Xiang Liu

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