This monograph presents a careful collection of recent research and developments in the field of neural information processing. This includes investigations in the functioning and engineering of biological neural networks and applications of artificial neural networks for solving real-world problems. The book is organized in three parts, architectures, learning algorithms and applications, with a variety of different examples and case studies from different fields such as the visual system, object detection, financial time series prediction, the auditory cortex, and robot manipulator control.