Proxies for Economic Performance in the Roman Empire -- Excursus: Morgantina -- Pliny's Purpose, Audience, and Method -- Excursus: Pliny on Remedies for Rabies -- Parens Natura and Smithian Growth -- Innovation and Economic Growth in the Natural History -- Excursus: Aulus Gellius on Pliny and the Culture Of Authoritative Knowledge -- Pliny's Economic Observations and Reasoning -- "Utility" and the Afterlife of the Natural History -- Excursus: Fulling as an Illustration Comparing Pliny's Natural History And -- Chambers' Cyclopaedia -- Conclusion.